Edward O. Wilson’s “Is Humanity Suicidal?” Essay

In the 1990s article, â€Å"Is Humanity Suicidal?†, Edward O. Wilson is concerned about the extinction of the human species. He believes that humanity’s harsh treatment of Earth will soon have excruciating consequences. Wilson also states that the increasing industrial world is having a very consequential affect on the global environment and that it may be too much for it to handle. He insists that â€Å"the human species is an environmental abnormality,† because human’s negative impact on the earth is likely to threaten the survival of the human species. Wilson asks â€Å"Who can safely measure the human capacity to overcome the perceived limits of the Earth?† The limits of the Earth’s natural resources and the Earth’s ability to sustain itself from humanity’s rough treatment is unknown. Wilson believes that there are two different perspectives for the future of the human species, which are exemptionalism and environmentalism. There are people who fail to recognize environmental issues for what they really are. These are the exemptionalists. They see these problems as very minor. Wilson believes that these people think that environmental problems will soon disappear with the growth and advancement of technology. He believes that these people are too caught up with their own lives and the present that they fail to think about what could be waiting for their ancestors in years to come. Then there are the environmentalists, in which Wilson has a strong belief in. Wilson believes that humanity cannot remake in the Earth in its original form. The increasing human efforts to remake the earth and control the global environment for human use is causing too much change in the environment that Earth soon my not be able to support the survival of the human race, therefore humanity’s intelligence can be somewhat of a weapon to there own survival. Wilson asks if population growth and human control over the environment proves that â€Å"humanity is suicidal†. Wilson argues that we are not destined to destroy ourselves by trying to control the environment, so therefore we are not suicidal. He believes that humanity is â€Å"smart enough and have time  enough to avoid an environmental catastrophe of civilization-threatening dimensions.† Wilson also holds the belief that in order to preserve our environment that we must realize that humans are not the only organisms in the ecosystem that helps keep the environment livable; every organism plays their part. With the constant reporting of the extinction of species because of our harsh treatment, the jobs that the different organisms have to our environment are now lost. He argues that the Earth is too complicated in order for one species to be bale to control it. Wilson concludes that we have around 50 to 100 years to straighten out our environment and to develop different values and ways of thinking. If the human’s negative impact on the Earth increases it will result in the fall of our global, industrial civilization.

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay

Stress and conflict in the workplace can cause major emotional and physical damage to the facility and workers. In the past, there have been reports of tragedies caused by disgruntled workers who may have clocked in with a gun in hand. We are going to look into ‘three motivational theories including the relationship of stress and conflict in relation to individual motivations. ’ Many factors can motivate employees while at work. Some of the motivating factors could include the structure of the lives of the employees before they became employed. Personality is a big factor in employee performance and motivation. Someone that is an introvert may not have the same mind set as an extrovert. This will definitely dictate how that employee behaves and responds to directives at work. Turmoil has happened in recent years in workplace settings. Let us take a closer look at a tragic workplace incident. Omar Thornton was a thirty-four year old black delivery driver in Manchester Connecticut. On August 4, 2010, he signed his resignation papers in front of witnesses after he saw video footage of him stealing beer from his company. Before leaving the room he reportedly pulled a gun and started randomly shooting workers he came across. In the end, he killed eight, leaving two wounded before he killed himself. Thornton’s relatives and girlfriend said he had been harassed in a racial manner. This story is not the only one we have seen in the news. It proves that motivation can be a source of good behavior or negative. In Thornton’s case he was motivated by what he thought to be racially aimed mistreatment from his white co workers. This caused him to become stressed and it reached a deadly point of conflict, a him against them scenario. In the real world, no employee should allow their job stress to motivate them to take lives or destroy property. Stress can lead to serious consequences, whether it becomes a health issue or affects performance in a negative way. If employees are in constant conflict over management issues, pay working conditions or other concerns, this can lead to low moral among the employee congregation. It won’t matter if all employees are involved in the struggle, dissatisfaction can spread like sand into each individual’s boundaries. It will be the main topic around the water cooler each day. The job for management is to keep employees motivated in the right direction for the good of the company and its productivity. Management can help decrease the incidents of job dissatisfaction by following these steps. Positive reinforcement should always follow an employees job well done. When problems or disagreements arise the discipline should fit the crime. All persons who live up to their expected performance should be treated in a fair respectful manner. Goals should always be well pronounced so that no employee will say they didn’t know what was expected of them. Some jobs may need to be restructured to generate better productivity. All employees who perform in an acceptable capacity should be rewarded fro their compliance. Increased pay or a truck load of benefits may not always be at the top of the list when it comes to employee motivation. People want to feel needed and appreciated on the job. They want to know that their work is worth something. So, to decrease the incidents of stress, unfairness which can lead to conflict and disgruntled or dissatisfied employees, companies need to place value on employees who are doing what they are asked. When conflicts arise, there should be a procedure in place to allow every voice to be heard. When I am involved in stressful work situations, I bring it to the attention of my department manager. I do not attack an individual, I attack the cause of the problem. I follow the company’s guidelines for resolution, it has always worked for me. Since I started this class, I have learned that positive external motivation can also decrease or prevent stress in the workplace. So there should be a plan already in place to head off negative incidents.

Paraphrasing Essay

Paraphrasing and summarizing are very similar. Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source and crafting them into new sentences within your writing. In addition, summarizing includes condensing the source material into just a few lines. Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given to the author. Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson’s â€Å"How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One’s Own Knowledge to Others.† Psychological Bulletin 125.6 (1999): p737. In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they already have. Here is an example of what would be considered plagiarism of this passage: For effective communication, it is necessary to have a fairly accurate idea of what our listerners know or do not know that is pertinent to the communication. If we assume that people know something they do not, then miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment may result (Nickerson, 1999). The writer in this example has used too many of Nickerson’s original words and phrases such as â€Å"effective communication,† â€Å"accurate idea,† â€Å"know or do not know,† â€Å"pertinent,† â€Å"miscommunication,† and â€Å"embarrassment.† Also note that the passage doesn’t have an opening tag to indicate where use of the Nickerson’s material begins. A citation at the end of a paragraph is not sufficent to indicate what is being credited to Nickerson. Here is an example, in APA style, that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this passage: Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized (p.737). Here the writer re-words Nickerson’s idea about what determines effective communication. The writer re-phrases â€Å"generally accurate knowledge† into â€Å"reasonably accurate idea.† In the second sentence,  the writer re-words Nickerson’s ideas about miscommunication and embarrassment using instead the words â€Å"misunderstand,† â€Å"bewildered,† and â€Å"patronized.† Nickerson is given credit from the beginning as the originator of the ideas. This is an example of a successful paraphrase because the writer understands the ideas espoused by Nickerson, and is able t o put them into her own words while being careful to give him credit. Here is an example, in APA style, that would be considered acceptable summarizing of this passage: Nickerson (1999) argues that clear communication hinges upon what an audience does and does not know. It is crucial to assume the audience has neither too much nor too little knowledge of the subject, or the communication may be inhibited by either confusion or offense (p. 737). Notice that the writer both paraphrases Nickerson’s ideas about effective communication and compresses them into two sentences. Like paraphrasing, summarizing passages is a tricky endeavor and takes lots of practice. If you’re ever in doubt about whether your summary or paraphrase might be accidental plagiarism, ask your teacher. Example of Editing Original: The novel Fight Club works to accomplish multiple things in terms of theme, for one thing it tries to show the destructive tendencies of humanity, how in many ways people are geared towards the destruction of themselves, but the movie also tried to reject this idea, to show that we can never embrace this aspect of ourselves, because if we do we’ll end up just like that, in destruction, and as the main character find out in the end, what’s more important is making connections with people and understanding others rather than living only for yourself and breaking any rules which disagree. Edited: The novel Fight Club work to accomplish numerous things thematically, for one it attempts to express the tendencies of mankind to devolve to embrace self destruction, and on the other it attempts to show how this can be nothing but futile. If we simply embrace self destruction then we fail to see the importance and value of the people around us, and we simply live to bre ak rules, which is no way to live at all. Effective Paraphrasing A successful paraphrase is your own explanation or interpretation of another person’s ideas. Paraphrasing in academic writing is an effective way to restate, condense, or clarify another author’s ideas while also providing credibility to your own argument or analysis. While successful paraphrasing is essential for strong academic writing, unsuccessful paraphrasing can result in unintentional plagiarism. Look through the paraphrasing strategies below to better understand what counts as an effective paraphrase. Ineffective Paraphrasing Strategies When paraphrasing, there are a few common mistakes you should learn to avoid: 1. Avoid switching out or changing around of a few words in an author’s sentence(s) for use in your paper. 2. Avoid failing to acknowledge (through an in-text citation or direct quotes) the outside source from which you obtained your information or ideas. Exception: When paraphrasing, you do not have to directly cite common knowledge. Common knowledge is information that is widely known and can be found in multiple places. For example, writing that Ronald Reagan was a U.S. Republican president would be considered common knowledge, so it would not need to be cited. However, when in doubt, it is always better to cite than run the risk of plagiarism. 3. Acknowledging the author in an in-text citation but failing to include quotation marks around any terms or phrasing that you have borrowed from the author. Note that any of the unsuccessful elements of paraphrasing are considered plagiarism in your essay , even if these paraphrasing missteps are unintentional. Effective Paraphrasing Strategies If you’re having trouble paraphrasing a text effectively, try following these steps: 1. Reread the original passage you wish to paraphrase, looking up any words you do not recognize, until you think you understand the full meaning of and intention behind the author’s words. 2. Next, cover or hide the passage. Once the passage is hidden from view, write out the author’s idea, in your own words, as if you were explaining it to your instructor or classmates. 3. After you have finished writing, check your account of the author’s idea against the original. While comparing the two, ask yourself the following questions: Have I accurately addressed the author’s ideas in a new way that is unique to my writing style and scholarly voice? Have I tried to replicate the author’s idea or have I simply changed words around in his/her original sentence(s)? 4. Next, look for any borrowed terms or particular phrases you have taken from the original passage. Enclose these terms and phrases in quotation marks to indicate to your readers that these words were taken directly from the original text. 5. Last, include a citation, which should contain the author’s name, the year, and the page or paragraph number (if available), directly following your paraphrase. Examples of Paraphrasing Here is the original source an author might use in a paper: Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student’s style and a student’s ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress academically. Here is an example of bad paraphrasing of the source. Even though the student is citing correctly, underlined words are simply synonyms of words used in the original source. You can also see how the sentence structure is the same for both the original source and this paraphrase. Differentiation is a way to encourage equality between the approach and talent of the student (Thompson, 2009). This type of instruction gives students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and for establishing new learning to move on in education (Thompson, 2009). Here is an example of a better way to paraphrase the source. In this example, the author has taken the essential ideas and information from the original source, but has worded it in her own way, using unique word choice and sentence structure. The author has condensed Thompson’s (2009) information, including what is relevant to her paper, but leaving out extra details that she does not needed. Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each student’s skill (Thompson, 2009). – See more at: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/295.htm#sthash.EKKl31Ro.dpuf Paraphrasing and summarising In contrast to quoting directly, by summarising or paraphrasing an author’s ideas you are able to present your interpretation of an author’s ideas and to integrate them more fully into the structure of your writing. Paraphrasing is generally used when you wish to refer to sentences or phrases in the source text. It is particularly useful when you are dealing with facts and definitions. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a short section from the source text in different words whilst keeping the same meaning. Summarising is generally used when you wish to refer to ideas contained in a long text. Summarising enables you to reduce the author’s ideas to key points in an outline of the discussion or argument by omitting unnecessary details and examples. Whether you summarise or paraphrase, you will still need to include a reference citing the source of the ideas you have referred to. A process for paraphrasing and summarising Many students find the following process useful for summarising and paraphrasing information. Read the text carefully – you may need to read the text several times, and check the meaning of terms you do not understand in a dictionary. Identify and underline the key words and main ideas in the text, and write these ideas down. Consider these points as a whole and your purpose for using this information in relation to the structure of your assignment. You may be able to group the ideas under your own headings, and arrange them in a different sequence to the original text. Think about the attitude of the author, i.e. critical, supportive, certain, uncertain. Think about appropriate reporting verbs you could use to describe this attitude. Think of words or phrases which mean roughly the same as those in the original text. Remember, if the key words are specialised vocabulary for the subject, they do not need to be changed. (see Using synonyms below.) Using your notes from the abov e steps, draft your summary or paraphrase. When you have finished your draft reread the original text and compare it to your paraphrase or summary. You can then check that you have retained the meaning and attitude of the original text. Using synonyms To paraphrase a text, you can use a variety of techniques, such as synonymous words, synonymous word forms, or synonymous phrases. For example, the student text below has used synonymous word forms(scanners – scanner, use – using) (in bold), synonymous words (convert – recreates) (in bold italics), and synonymous phrases (their â€Å"eyes† – the scanner eye) (in italics). Original source scanners convert analog data into digital information†¦ scanners use small electronic components (called CCDs, PMTs, or CISs) as their â€Å"eyes†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Student text A scanner recreates an image such as a graphic using small electronic components referred to as the scanner’s eyes†¦ Changing word forms A common approach to changing the word forms in a sentence is to change the main verb into a noun, or less commonly to change the main noun into a verb. For example, compare the two sentences below: Original source Scanners convert analog data into digital information. Paraphrased sentence The conversion of an image such as a graphic by a scanner occurs†¦ Re-ordering main ideas Another way of paraphrasing is to change the order of the main ideas in a sentence. One way of doing this is to change the active voice to passive voice or the passive voice to active voice. The active voice focuses on who or what is affected by a process or event, whilst the passive voice focuses on the event or process. For example compare the use of ‘ scanners convert’ and ‘ the conversion of’ in the examples above. For further information on the use of active and passive voice see the grammar tutorial. Paraphrasing is the process of presenting another author’s content in your own words, while maintaining the meaning of the passage. It is useful when the author uses difficult-to-understand language and structure, when you want to focus on a different element of the passage or when your audiences are different (for example, the author wrote an academic paper, and you are a newspaper reporter). However, paraphrasing can also lead to plagiarism (using another author’s work or ideas as your own) if your sources are not appropriately and explicitly cited. Other People Are Reading How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing Types Of Paraphrases Instructions 1 Change the voice of the sentences from active to passive voice and vice versa. For example, â€Å"Educators prefer teaching lower grades† can become â€Å"Teaching lower grades is preferred by educators.† This is helpful when you want to focus more on the object rather than the subject of the sentence. 2 Change the wording of a passage using synonyms. A thesaurus can prove quite useful for this task. â€Å"Children develop their language by interacting with those around them† can become â€Å"Kids acquire language skills by communicating with people close to them.† Sponsored Links SoftLayer ® Official Site More Custom Hosting From A Trusted Source. 24Ãâ€"7 Support. Chat Now. SoftLayer.com/Asia-Pacific 3 Change the verb of the mood to subjunctive if you want to paraphrase a wish, a request or an unrealistic situation. You can also change subjunctive mood to indicative. For example, â€Å"The minister requested that his assistant bring the documents,† can become â€Å"The minister asked his assistant to bring the documents.† 4 Change the order of the sentence’s elements — without altering the mood of the verb of the voice — to stress the most important part for your work. For instance, â€Å"John Day (an imaginary person) was a successful writer, politician and businessman,† can be â€Å"John Day is famous for his success as a businessman, politician and writer.† 5 Use nicknames or colloquial terms to change a passage’s wording. You can change â€Å"New York City† to â€Å"the Big Apple,† for instance, or refer to â€Å"night shift† as the â€Å"graveyard shift.† However, this technique is not acceptable when writing a formal paper. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/how_8759404_easily-paraphrase.html#ixzz2jBcfjEac Paraphrasing correctly can prevent plagiarizing. When you paraphrase, you simply express someone else’s ideas in your own words. Unlike a brief summary, a paraphrase contains more detail, according to the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Although you have reworded the original, you must use in-text citations, parentheses containing the source of the information, in the required format. Paraphrasing may involve changes in vocabulary, length, parts of speech and sentence structure. How to Write a Paraphrase How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase 1. Synonym Replacement At its simplest level, paraphrasing involves replacing original wording with synonyms. Consider this original sentence from Claudia Kalb’s â€Å"Newsweek† article, â€Å"Painkiller Crackdown,† â€Å"While the DEA says OxyContin is a ‘valuable’ drug, it is ‘concerned’ that many doctors who are prescribing the medications don’t ‘know’ enough about it and are not ‘conveying’ the dangers to patients. . . . † If a student made only these replacements — â€Å"useful† for â€Å"valuable,† â€Å"worried† for â€Å"concerned,† â€Å"know† for â€Å"understand† and â€Å"explaining† for â€Å"conveying† — some paraphrasing would result, but much of the original would remain, resulting in partial plagiarism. Reduction of Clauses Another method of paraphrasing involves changing clauses to phrases. For example, the clause, â€Å"while the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable drug† could become a more succinct phrase, â€Å"claiming Oxycontin’s value.† If a student combines this approach with synonym replacement, more effective paraphrasing occurs. Sponsored Links Download Free PC Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now ! mobogenie.com/download-pc-software Parts of Speech Changing parts of speech may assist in paraphrasing. Consider another original sentence from Kalb’s â€Å"Newsweek† article: â€Å"Last week the ‘spotlight’  on OxyContin ‘intensified’ as the Drug Enforcement Administration ‘announced’ a national strategy to ‘combat’ the painkiller’s ‘illegitimate’ use. . . .† If a student restructured the sentence, changing parts of speech, some paraphrasing would occur: â€Å"The Drug Enforcement Administration last week ‘spotlighted’ OxyContin more ‘intensely’ and made an ‘announcement’ of a national strategy, which combats using the painkiller ‘illegitimately.'† However, this paraphrasing lacks originality and again results in partial plagiarism. Change of Structure Changing the sentence structure adds to the value of the paraphrase, reflecting the writer’s interpretation of the author’s thoughts. Consider this original wording from the â€Å"Newsweek† article: â€Å"OxyContin was developed to do good: relieve debilitating pain. But since the powerful drug debuted in 1996, it has become increasingly known for a dangerous side effect — the potential for serious addiction.† By beginning with a phrase and changing the structure, a writer could create the following: â€Å"First appearing in 1996, Oxycontin claimed to relieve unnecessary suffering. Today, however, experts know it can pose an ‘addictive’ threat (Kalb 38).† These restructured sentences also include synonym replacement (â€Å"appeared† for â€Å"debuted†) and changes in parts of speech (â€Å"addictive† for â€Å"addiction†). With the Modern Language Association (MLA) in-text citation, this paraphrasing a voids any trace of plagiarism by combining multiple forms of paraphrasing. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_8410412_types-paraphrases.html#ixzz2jBcsVmxv How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase By Hilary Riepenhoff, eHow Contributor Share Print this article Teaching students to paraphrase takes time and practice. Paraphrasing is an essential skill for students to obtain. Without paraphrasing, students are at risk for plagiarism. It is important to lay the ground work for successful instruction of paraphrasing through explanation of key concepts, modeling and practice of the skill. Only through practice and constant feedback will a student’s paraphrasing ability grow. Activities for Paraphrasing Information Difference Between Summarizing & Paraphrasing Instructions 1. 1 Teach the key differences between retelling, summarizing and paraphrasing. Author of â€Å"Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Retelling,† Emily Kissner suggests, the three concepts are similar, but are different in development, formation, and final product. Summaries contain main ideas, some supporting details and are in chronological order, yet shorter in length. Retelling is orally sharing information, while recalling important information from the text. According to Purdue’s Online Writing Lab, successful paraphrasing puts the information from the passage in your own words, while attributing the original source. It is shorter in length because you abbreviate the information. 2 Remind students that although paraphrased material is not in quotes, one must credit the original source. Explain that making small changes in wording, rearranging the original quote or failing to cite the source is plagiarism. Sponsored Links Download Free PC Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now ! mobogenie.com/download-pc-software 3 Indiana University of Bloomington’s Writing Tutorial Service suggests teaching several key strategies, including to rewrite using your own words while covering the quote you are paraphrasing to avoid the urge to copy; also check your paraphrased work to ensure you have not accidentally written anything word for word from the original and that the information included is correct. 4 Begin small by introducing paraphrasing with sentences instead of lengthy paragraphs. Ensure students understand information stated in each sentence. Consider a student’s ability levels in reading. 5 Model the concept of paraphrasing to students. Show students what good paraphrasing looks like. Give examples based on appropriate change in words and structure. Prepare examples and have students explain their reasoning on whether the paraphrasing is correct or not. 6 Provide students the opportunity to orally paraphrase sentences in their own words. Work as a group to recognize what works with a student’s paraphrased responses and what does not. Instant feedback guides students toward correct paraphrasing. Independent practice then evaluates student progress and growth. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/how_8783769_teach-students-paraphrase.html#ixzz2jBd4uoZv Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercise This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on August 7, 2009 . Summary: This resource contains the practice exercise on paraphrasing and summarizing to help you learn how to apply the guidelines in this section to your own writing. Take a look at the text below (excerpted from â€Å"Expert: Wikipedia  Won’t Go Away, So Learn How to Use It† by Maggie Morris) and the following attempts at paraphrasing and summarizing. The first four are not adequate, but the last one is. Look at each of the four inappropriate attempts, and decide what exactly makes each inappropriate. The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research rather than as the final word, says a Purdue University communications expert. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication. â€Å"But Wikipedia is here to stay and, des pite penalties, people are likely to continue using it.† Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication (Morris). Version 3: Wikipedia is popular, which makes it vital that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, â€Å"and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use† (Morris). Version 4: â€Å"Wikipedia is popular, which makes it necessary to learn using the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. ‘Students are addicted to Wikipedia,’ says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, ‘and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use’† (Morris). Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because students are â€Å"addicted to Wikipedia† and will continue to rely on it, it is important for teachers to help them to use Wikipedia as a place to begin research, rather than as a final source. Matei also says that penalties are unlikely to be effective (Morris). Version 5 is correct. Here the student combined her own paraphrasing with a quotation of striking language of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken directly from the source fit together; she quoted accurately and cited her source. Some of the information is consolidated, and the specific kinds of penalties given by teachers—a minor detail—are left out. Answers for Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercises This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on November 5, 2008 . Summary: This resource contains the answers for the ESL exercises on paraphrasing and summarizing. Paraphrasing and Summarizing The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research rather than as the final word, says a Purdue University communications expert. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication. â€Å"But Wikipedia is here to stay and, despite penalties, people are likely to continue using it.† Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication. This version would be considered blatant plagiarism. The text is excerpted almost word for word without using quotation marks appropriately, without giving credit to the original author. Some words have been cut out, but the original author’s language is still quite obvious. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it important that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a starting point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia, and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication (Morris). Credit is given to the original author (Morris), but quotation marks are still not used, and the language still closely resembles the original writing. Version 3: Wikipedia is popular, which makes it vital that users learn to use the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. â€Å"Students are addicted to Wikipedia,† says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, â€Å"and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use† (Morris). The original author is given credit, and technically the passage is correct, but the writer suggests that Morris’ main point is teachers’ reactions. In fact, Morris is emphasizing the importance of Wikipedia, and talks about teachers’ reactions as a secondary point. Version 4: â€Å"Wikipedia is popular, which makes it necessary to learn using the online collaborative encyclopedia as a beginning point for their research. ‘Students are addicted to Wikipedia,’ says Sorin A. Matei, an assistant professor in the Department of Communication, ‘and teachers fight it with stern grading policies and restrictions on its use’† (Morris). The quotation is essentially accurate, quotation marks are used, and Morris is given credit. The bigger problem is that the writer made no attempt to use his or her own language, to integrate the quotation into their own  words. The smaller problem is the lack of ellipses (. . .) to indicate where the writer took out part of the quotation. Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because students are â€Å"addicted to Wikipedia† and will continue to rely on it, it is important for teachers to help them to use Wikipedia as a place to begin research, rather than as a final source. Matei also says that penalties are unlikely to be effective (Morris). Version 5 is correct. Here the student combined her own paraphrasing with a quotation of striking language of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken directly from the source fit together; she quoted accurately and cited her source. Some of the information is consolidated, and the specific kinds of penalties given by teachers—a minor detail—are left out. Paraphrasing & Summarizing Exercise This is the last part of Wallace’s Copyright & Plagiarism tutorial.Please read the following passages to garner an understanding in the art of paraphrasing. More practice is available via Web links on the Student Guide to Copyright . Original passage: Nobody called him Abe–at least not to his face–because he loathed the nickname. It did not befit a respected professional who’d struggled hard to overcome the limitations of his frontier background. Frankly Lincoln enjoyed his status as a lawyer and politician, and he liked money, too, and used it to measure his worth. By the 1850’s, thanks to a combination of talent and sheer hard work, Lincoln was a man of substantial wealth. He had an annual income of around $5,000–the equivalent of many times that today–and large financial and real-estate investments. Oates, Stephen B. Our Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln, John Brown, and the Civil War Era. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979. p. 65 Incorrect paraphrase: No one used Lincoln’s nickname, Abe, because he detested it. It didn’t go  with a lawyer and politician who had worked to get away from the restrictions of his country heritage. Lincoln liked his new position, and his wealth, and used it to gauge his status. By mid-century, his skill and labor had made him a fairly wealthy man. He had a yearly income of approximately $5,000 – equal to several times that now – and hefty business and land commitments. ** This is incorrect because it uses the same basic structure as the original with some word changes and does not credit the author. Correct paraphrase: By the middle of the century, Lincoln enjoyed life as a well-respected lawyer and politician, having acquired a position of status and wealth that was well removed from his early â€Å"frontier background†. He now was bringing in $5,000 a year (this translates to $87,500 in 1997 dollars [Derks, 2]), and had substantial â€Å"financial and real estate investments†. As a consequence, he disliked being called Abe because of its association with his rural heritage. (Oates, 65) ** This is correct because it portrays the ideas of Oates’ passage and gives Oates credit for his ideas. The writer has used his own words to present those ideas and has used quotation marks for those phrases that are from Oates. The writer has also included additional research on the value of the income and has sited the source for that as well. Correct summarization: When we think of Abraham Lincoln, the image of a wealthy lawyer is not the first that comes to mind. A man, who worked hard, struggled and came from a less than ideal background is often the picture we invoke. However, it is an incomplete portrait. Mr. Lincoln was successful both professionally and financially even by today’s standards. (Oates, 65) ** This is also correct. It summarizes Oates’ ideas completely in the writer’s own words, but gives Oates credit for the ideas. Chapter Objectives To understand and applying critical reading strategies. To develop the understanding of summary in various rhetorical modes such as narrative fiction, personal essay, and technical writing (figures and tables). To define and instruct students on the three skills of  incorporating research into their writing: summary, paraphrase, and quotation. To review models and apply concepts of summary, paraphrase, and quotation through practical applications and exercises. To understand the concept of plagiarism and learn techniques to avoid it through various examples and exercises. Although the papers you write will be your own—your own voice, your own purpose, your own thesis statement, introduction, conclusion, and topic/transition sentences—there will be times when you will want to integrate source material to help you support your assertions. Integrating sources such as information from books, newspapers, magazines, interviews or websites, is done in one of three ways: summary, paraphrase, and quotation. The purpose of this chap ter is to teach you these three basic concepts of writing, so you can incorporate research into your writing without plagiarizing. These skills are addressed first because you will need them in all college writing you produce no matter what the course subject. In fact, this process will begin with synthesis and analysis essays which appear later in this book. What is a Summary? A summary is a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage. You should focus on the central idea of the passage, and, in a condensed form, relay the passage’s main points reflecting the order in which they occur. In most situations a summary is approximately one quarter the length of the original passage. A summary will not include minor details, repeated points, or any of your own opinions and conclusions. You will use summary when you want to present the main points of a lengthy passage in order to develop or support the discussion of your essay. How to Write Summaries Read the passage carefully. In order to summarize information, you must first be able to understand it. This requires careful critical reading. Read the passage completely the first time to gain an overall understanding of the piece, as you re-read the piece, begin making margin notes that identify important points, shifts in thoughts, and questions you may have. You will also want to consider at this point what the significance of the whole piece is, what the parts of the essay that fit into the whole are, and how the points are organized to  support the whole. Finally, you will want to divide the passage into stages of thought, which you will later develop into the body paragraphs of your rough draft. A section or stage of thought in a passage is usually several paragraphs in length. You can identify these more easily by looking for transitional sentences at the beginning or end of paragraphs thatsummarize what has come before or set the stage for what is to follow. Write one-sentence summaries of each stag e of thought. Once you have identified the stages of thought in the passage, create a one-sentence summary for each stage of thought. This sentence must be in your own words, and it must illustrate your understanding of the passage. This is often the most difficult part of summary writing because you may be tempted to use the writer’s words or structure, which would be plagiarism. It is always a good idea to put the original passage aside at this point and summarize what you have read in the section using your own understanding and thinking skills. Write a thesis: a one- or two-sentence summary of the entire passage. Now look over all the sentences you have created for your stages of thought. Once again, you will work to condense information as you summarize the essence of the passage in one or two sentences, thereby creating your thesis statement for your rough draft. Another hint is to remember that the thesis will be the first sentence of the summary draft, and it includes the passageâ⠂¬â„¢s subject and the claim that the author is making about that subject. Write the first draft of your summary. At this point you are ready to draft your summary essay. Depending on whether you have been assigned to write a short summary or a longer summary, you can structure your summary in one of two ways: combine the thesis with your list of one-sentence summaries (short summary) or combine the thesis with your list of one-sentence summariesplus significant details from the passage (longer summary). Check your summary against the original passage. After completing your draft, you will want to make sure the content of your information has completely and accurately summarized the passage without plagiarizing or adding any of your own personal opinion. Now, return to the original text and compare your draft against it. Revise your summary. In revising your summary, combine sentences and insert transitions where necessary to make your summary clear and coherent. Edit for grammatical correctness. Compare the length of the summary to the original. Summaries, as general rule, should be no longer than one-fourth of the original passage, although they could be much shorter, depending on your purpose in summarizing the original. What is a Narrative? A narrative is a story, a retelling of a person’s experiences. It can be imaginary, in which the narrator is a created character (fiction), or it can be biographical (non-fiction), in which the narrator is actually the author. Note: non-fiction narratives are referred to as essays, or personal essays. Summarizing a narrative will be slightly different from summarizing an expository essay because it will most likely not have a direct thesis statement, and its stages of thought will be developed through descriptive events or time periods rather than through factual evidence or logical explanations of the subject. In summarizing a narrative, you will give a synopsis or overview of the story’s events and relate how these events affect the central character. However, the steps of reading/rereading, dividing stages of thought, writing one-sentence summaries, writing a thesis, drafting, and revising will be primarily the same. Summarizing Figures and Tables Figures and tables are in essence summaries themselves; they present a pictorial overview of material and are often used because they communicate information more clearly and quickly. Below are different types of graphic devices: Pie Charts show relative proportions or percentages. Graphs relate one variable to another. They are effective in showing trends or cause-and-effect relationships. Tables present numerical data in rows and columns for quick reference and are most effective when the writer wants to emphasize numbers, particularly when a great deal of data is being displayed. What is a Paraphrase? A paraphrase is very similar to a summary in that you use your own words to communicate to your reader what the original passage has stated; however, an important difference between the two is that the paraphrase is approximately the same length as the original rather that one quarter of its length, as a summary is. In a paraphrase, instead of only restating the writer’s main points, you will follow the progression of the writer’s ideas sentence by sentence. In other words, each sentence in the paraphrase corresponds to a sentence in the original, the main difference being, of course, you have replaced the language of the original with your own language. Paraphrasing is used most effectively when you want to present material written in language that is abstract, archaic, or highly technical, and you feel your audience will better understand the material in your words. What is a Quotation? A quotation records the exact language in a source. You should use quotations sparingly, because every quotation contains the voice of the writer who composed the text. Using too many quotes obliterates your voice and is a clear indication that you have not successfully synthesized your source material with your own writing. It is often a red flag to your audience that either you may not have completely understood the source or you have not taken the time paraphrase the information for them. Used wisely, however, quotes can add credibility and interest to your paper. When to quote Use quotations when another writer’s language is particularly memorable and will add liveliness to your paper. Use quotations when another writer’s language is so clear and economical that to make the same point in your own words would, by comparison, be ineffective. Use quotation when you want the solid reputation of a source to lend authority and credibility to your own writing. Incorporating quotations into your sentences Quotations should never stand by themselves without an attribution. Work the material into your sentence as naturally as possible, using appositives to identify the speakers or authors of the quote. Always credit your sources with an attribution in the text or in a formal citation, depending on the level of formality of your assignment. Use ellipses (three spaced periods)  to indicate that material has been omitted from the quote. If you are deleting the end of a quoted sentence, or if you are deleting entire sentences of paragraphs before continuing a quotation, add a period before the ellipsis. Use brackets whenever you need to add or substitute words in order to clarify meaning for your audience. What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is generally defined as the attempt to pass off the work of another as one’s own. At any time in your writing if you are using the thoughts or words of another source, you must document where you read or found the information by giving credit to its author; this is done by using parenthetical citation and a works cited page which will be discussed in further detail in chapter seven. With the ease of the Internet for research and the ability to cut and paste information from websites, plagiarism can become quite tempting, especially if procrastination haunts your life and you find that your unwritten paper is due the next morning. However, most plagiarism is unintentional. Poor note taking skills and synthesizing of source material can lead you to overlook placing parenthetical citations where they are necessary. Unfortunately, most professors treat unintentional plagiarism the same as intentional plagiarism because the student is ultimately responsible for his/her o wn work. Avoiding Plagiarism You can avoid plagiarism by being aware of the follow rules of thumb and by practicing using sources appropriately. Remember summaries, paraphrases, and quotes all receive documentation because all are the thoughts or words of another person. Remember when writing summaries and paraphrases you must communicate the source information into your own words (your own language and sentence structure). Always check your summary or paraphrase against the original after writing it. If you find four words in a rowidentical between the two, then you know you have not properly summarized/paraphrased the information, and you would be guilty of plagiarism.

Religion Pakistan

Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of life and the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency, or human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, spiritual, or divine. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including congregations for prayer, priestly hierarchies, holy places, and/or scriptures. The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place greater emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experi ence of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the community to be most important.Some religions claim to be universal, believing their laws and cosmology to be binding for everyone, while others are intended to be practiced only by one, localized group. Religion often makes use of meditation, music and art. In many places it has been associated with public institutions such as education, the family, government, and political power. Types of Religions Religion defines who you are, what you are, and your views about the world around you. You must understand, a religion is much more than deity worshiping. Religion is the philosophy of life and a belief system.There are as many as four thousand and two religions in this world. Surprisingly, people know only a handful of religion. The four largest religious groups by population, estimated to account for between 5 and 6 billion people, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. Four largest religions| Adhe rents[citation needed]|   % of world population| Article| World population| 6. 8 billion| Figures taken from individual articles:| Christianity| 1. 9 billion – 2. 1 billion| 29% – 32%| Christianity by country| Islam| 1. 3 billion – 1. 57 billion| 19% – 21%| Islam by country| Buddhism| 500 million – 1. billion| 7% – 21%| Buddhism by country| Hinduism| 950 million – 1 billion| 14% – 20%| Hinduism by country| Total| 4. 65 billion – 6. 17 billion| 68. 38% – 90. 73%| | Christianity is one of the oldest religions of the world and has a large number of followers. It is estimated that Christianity has over two billion followers around the globe. Christianity practices a few beliefs and traditions of other religions. Like the Judaism and Islam, Christianity as a religion believes in the concept of one God. Hence, Islam, Judaism and Christianity are known as â€Å"ethical monotheism†.Judaism is older than Christian ity and this religion is the oldest of Abrahamic religions. Judaism is based on laws and principles of the Hebrew bible known as Tanakh. The Old Testament of Bible describes the struggles of the Hebrews or the Jews. After Moses frees them from the Egyptian captivity, they wander for almost forty years before they reached Jerusalem, the â€Å"Promised Land†. Today there are 14 million Jews in the world. Islam has 1. 3 billion religious followers. It is one of the fastest growing religions in the world. Followers of Islam religion worship Allah and consider Muhammad as their prophet.Like the Christians and the Jews, Muslims believe in one God. Hence, it is one of the three â€Å"monotheistic† religions of the world. Quran is their holy book and this religion follows strict religious discipline and customs. The life of a Muslim is guided by the Five Pillars or the five principles such as Shahadah (faith), Sala (ritual prayer), Zakah (alms tax), Sawm (Ramadan fasting) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Islam is an Arabic term and means surrendering to the will of God. You could say Islam is a system of belief that gives importance to family life, way of dressing, cleanliness and ethics.It also stresses on the importance of religious rituals and observances. There are many religions that follow their own system of beliefs, rituals and traditions. These religions are classified as prophetic religion, revealed religion, sacramental and mystical religion. Hinduism is considered to be one of the most tolerant religions in the world. The ultimate aim of any Hindu is to attain moksha from the cycle of rebirth. Historians believe over the centuries Hinduism had adopted many spiritual traditions and practices, which are seen even today in the homes of many Hindus.It is not easy to generalize the beliefs of Hinduism because the practices vary widely among the believers of this religion. Religion in Pakistan The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan, was built durin g the Mughal Empire Islam is the state religion in Pakistan, which is practised by about 95-97% of the 174,578,558 people of the nation. The remaining 3-5% practice Christianity, Hinduism and other religions. Muslims are divided into two major sects, the majority of them practice Sunni Islam while the Shias are a minority who estimate 5-20% depending on the source.Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. The religion of Islam was first introduced in the territory that is now called Pakistan Umayyad dynasty in the early-8th century led by Muhammad bin Qasim against Raja Dahir, the Hindu ruler of Sindh. The Umayyad Muslims conquered the northwestern part of the Indus Valley, from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.The arrival of th e Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan in 1947 as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavids, the Ghurids, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region of Pakistan from 1526 until 1739.Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era. The Mughal Empire declined in the early 18th century after the Afsharids and the Afghan Durrani Empire from the west came to take over what is now Pakistan. Constitution of Pakistan on religion The constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion, and provides all its citizens t he right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.The constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims, and only Muslims are allowed to become the President or the Prime Minister. Moreover, only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic. List of religions in Pakistan Based on information collected from the Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, CIA World Factbook, Oxford University, University of Pennsylvania, U. S. State Department and others, the following is a list of all the religions that are practised in Pakistan.The percentages are estimations depending on the source. * Islam * Sunni Muslims: 80-95% * Shia Muslims: 5-20% * Ahmadi Muslims: approximately 2. 3% or 4 million * Other religions * Christians: approx. 1. 6% or 2,800,000 people * Hindus: approx. 1. 6%or 2,443,614 people * Baha'is: 79,000 * Sikhs: 20,000 * Zoro astrian/Parsis: 20,000 * Buddhist: Unknown * Jews: Unknown * | Islam The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95-97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The Muslims are divided into 2 sects, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. The Shia Islam in Pakistan is practised by 5-20% of the Muslims and the remaining larger number of Muslims practice Sunni Islam. There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or ‘Maktab-e-Fikr' in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought while small number belong to the Hanbali school.The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, a nd others. Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century).Although members of Ahmadiyya (also derogatorily known as Qadiani) are considered to be Muslims, the government of Pakistan does not consider this group followers of Islam. The Pakistani parliament has declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims. In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended its constitution to define a Muslim â€Å"as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad†. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the best and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesized to come in the latter days and unite the Muslims.Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not been released to date. In 1984, Ordinance XX was enacted, which made it a crime for Ahmadis to call themselves Muslims or adherents of Islam, to â€Å"pose as Muslims†, to call their places of worship Masjid, or to proselytize, punishable by a prison term. According to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis made up 0. 25% of the population, which is highly disputed due to the already existing state treatment of Ahmadis in Pakistan.The website adherents. comcited a report according to which the Ahmadiyya Muslim community was represented by 2,000,000 (1. 42%) adherents in 1995. Several other news report however claim adherents amounting to about 4 million, which is difficult to verify. [edit] Christianity Main article: Christianity in Pakistan Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi. Christians make up 1. 6% of Pakistan's population, about 2. 8 million people out of a total population. [1] They are the second largest religious minority community in Pakistan.Majority of the Pakistani Christian communi ties belong to converts from the low caste Hindus from Punjab region, from the British colonial era. The community is geographically spread throughout the Punjab province, whilst its presence in the rest of the provinces is mostly confined to the urban centers. There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamilian migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. [edit] Judaism Main article: Jews and Judaism in PakistanJews (Urdu: pronounced â€Å"Yehudi†) are a very small religious group in Pakistan. Various estimates suggest that there were about 2,500 Jews living in Karachi at the beginning of the 20th century, and a smaller community of a few hundred lived in Peshawar. There were synagogues in both cities; while the Karachi synagogue was burnt down. [citation needed] The one in Peshawar still exists but has fallen into disuse. Nearly all Pakist ani Jews have emigrated. [citation needed] [edit] Hinduism Main article: Hinduism in Pakistan Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, KarachiHinduism has an ancient history in Pakistan, the Rig Veda was believed to have been composed in the Punjab region. [citation needed] Hindus today are a much reduced community numbering around 3 million or about 1. 6%. [1] According to the last census 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. [citation needed] [edit] Sikhism Main article: Sikhism in Pakistan Nankana Sahib Gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan The number of Sikhs remaining in Pakistan today is very small; estimates vary, but the number is thought to be on the order of 20,000. 7] The shrine of Guru Nanak Dev is located in Nankana Sahib near the city of Lahore where many Sikhs from abroad make pilgrimage to this and other shrines. [edit] Buddhism Main article: Buddhism in Pakistan Like Hinduism, Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan. There are no established Buddhist c ommunities and numbers are very few. [edit] Zoroastrianism Further information: Parsi people Before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, major urban centres in what is now Pakistan were home to a thriving Parsi business community.Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan and were mostly Gujarati-speaking. After independence, majority of Pakistan's Parsi populace migrated to India, notably Bombay; however a number of Parsis still remain in Pakistan and have entered Pakistani public life as social workers, business folk, and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as the late Minocher Bhandara. [edit] Baha'i Main article: Baha'i Faith in Pakistan The Baha'i Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was part of India.The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Babi religion in 1844,[22] with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Mul tan. [23] During Baha'u'llah's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is current-day Pakistan. [24] In 1921 the Baha'is of Karachi elected their first Baha'i Local Spiritual Assembly. [23] By 1956 Baha'i local assemblies spread across many cities,[25] and in 1957, East and West Pakistan elected a separate National Baha'i Assembly from India and later East Pakistan became Bangladesh with its own national assembly. 26] Waves of refugees arrived in 1979 due to the Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian Revolution in Iran. [27][28] The Baha'is in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. [29] However, the government prohibits Baha'is from travelling to Israel for Baha'i pilgrimage. [30] Recent estimates are over 79,000[18] though Baha'is claimed less than half that number. [31] [edit] Kalash Religion This is the religion of the Kalash people living in a remote part of Chitral.Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion is unique but shares some common ground with Vedic and Pre-Zoroastrian religions. [edit] Atheism Main article: Atheism There may also be some atheists and agnostics in Pakistan, particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0. 5% of the population, but social pressures against claiming no religion was strong. 7] There is slight of atheism in the country. Pakistan's laws, which stipulate the death penalty for blaspheming, institutionalize such discrimination. Subsequently, most atheists and agnostics keep their views private and choose to portray themselves publicly as indifferent Muslims rather than non-Muslims. Islam in Pakistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Islam in Pakistan Category| History| Islamic conquest  Ã‚ · Arab settlement Islamic rule  Ã‚ · Mughal Empire Hindu conversion  Ã‚ · Sectarian dispute| Architecture| Mughal  Ã‚ · Indo-Islamic  Ã‚ · Indo-Saracenic|Major figures| Mohammad bin Qasim  Ã‚ · Baba Fareed Khwaja Sheikh Pak  Ã‚ · Bulleh Shah Sir Syed Ahmed Khan  Ã‚ · Allama Iqbal Bahadur Yar Jung| Schools of law| Hanafi  Ã‚ · Shia  Ã‚ · Shafi`i  Ã‚ · Maliki  Ã‚ · Hanbali| Schools of thought| Shia  Ã‚ · Barelvi  Ã‚ · Deobandi  Ã‚ · Ahle Hadith Sufism  Ã‚ · Ahmadiyya| Mosques in Pakistan| List of Mosques -List of mosques in Lahore Faisal Mosque  Ã‚ · Badshahi Mosque| Political organisations and movements| Pakistan Muslim League Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam  Ã‚ · Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan  Ã‚ · Jamaat-e-Islami  Ã‚ · Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan  Ã‚ · Jamiat Ahle Hadith  Ã‚ · Tablighi Jamaat| Culture| MusicQawwali  Ã‚ · Hamd    · Nasheed  Ã‚ · Naat  Ã‚ · Ghazal Literature Urdu  Ã‚ · Punjabi  Ã‚ · Pashto  Ã‚ · Sindhi| Other topics| Shi'a Islam in Pakistan Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia Indian Muslim nationalism (Pakistani) Muslim chronicles for Indian historyThis box: view  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  talk  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  edit| Part of a series on Islam by country| Islam in Africa[show] Algeria  Ã‚ · Angola  Ã‚ · Benin  Ã‚ · Botswana  Ã‚ · Burkina  Faso  Ã‚ · Burundi  Ã‚ · Cameroon  Ã‚ · Cape  Verde  Ã‚ · Central  African  Republic  Ã‚ · Chad  Ã‚ · Comoros  Ã‚ · Democratic  Republic of the  Congo  Ã‚ · Republic of the Congo  Ã‚ · Cote  d'Ivoire (Ivory  Coast)  Ã‚ · Djibouti  Ã‚ · Egypt  Ã‚ · Equatorial  Guinea  Ã‚ ·Eritrea  Ã‚ · Ethiopia  Ã‚ · Gabon  Ã‚ · The Gambia  Ã‚ · Ghana  Ã‚ · Guinea  Ã‚ · Guinea-Bissau  Ã‚ · Kenya  Ã‚ · Lesotho  Ã‚ · Liberia  Ã‚ · Libya  Ã‚ · Madagascar  Ã‚ · Malawi  Ã‚ · Mali  Ã‚ · Mauritania  Ã‚ · Ma uritius  Ã‚ · Morocco  Ã‚ · Mozambique  Ã‚ · Namibia  Ã‚ · Niger  Ã‚ · Nigeria  Ã‚ · Rwanda  Ã‚ · Sao  Tome and  Principe  Ã‚ · 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Arabia  Ã‚ · Syria  Ã‚ · Turkey  Ã‚ · UAE  Ã‚ · Yemen| Islam in Europe[show] Western EuropeAndorra  Ã‚ · Belgium  Ã‚ · France  Ã‚ · Ireland  Ã‚ · Italy  Ã‚ · Luxembourg  Ã‚ · Malta  Ã‚ · Monaco  Ã‚ · Netherlands  Ã‚ · Portugal  Ã‚ · San  Marino  Ã‚ · Spain  Ã‚ · United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) Scandinavia Denmark  Ã‚ · Iceland  Ã‚ · Finland  Ã‚ · Norway  Ã‚ · Sweden Central Europe Austria  Ã‚ · Croatia  Ã‚ · Czech  Republic  Ã‚ · Germany  Ã‚ · Hungary  Ã‚ · Liechtenstein  Ã‚ · Poland  Ã‚ · Slovakia  Ã‚ · Slovenia  Ã‚ · Switzerland Eastern Europe Armenia  Ã‚ · Azerbaijan  Ã‚ · Belarus  Ã‚ · Estonia  Ã‚ · Georgia  Ã‚ · Kazakhstan  Ã‚ · Latvia  Ã‚ · Lithuania  Ã‚ · Moldova  Ã‚ · Russia  Ã‚ · Ukraine  Ã‚ · USSR Southeastern EuropeAlbania  Ã‚ · Bosnia  Ã‚ · Bulgaria  Ã‚ · Cyprus  Ã‚ · Greece  Ã‚ · Macedonia  Ã‚ · Montenegro  Ã‚ · Romania  Ã‚ · Serbia  Ã‚ · Turkey  Ã‚ ·| Islam in Americas[show] Northern America Canada  Ã‚ · Mexico  Ã‚ · United States  Ã‚ · Central America Belize  Ã‚ · Costa Rica  Ã‚ · El Salvador  Ã‚ · Guatemala  Ã‚ · Honduras  Ã‚ · Nicaragua  Ã‚ · Panama  Ã‚ · Southern America Argentina  Ã‚ · Bolivia  Ã‚ · Brazil  Ã‚ · Chile  Ã‚ · Colombia  Ã‚ · Dominica  Ã‚ · Ecuador  Ã‚ · Guyana  Ã‚ · Paraguay  Ã‚ · Peru  Ã‚ · Suriname  Ã‚ · Uruguay  Ã‚ · Venezuela CaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda  Ã‚ · Bahamas  Ã‚ · Barbados  Ã‚ · Cuba  Ã‚ · Dominican Republic  Ã‚ · Grenada  Ã‚ · Haiti  Ã‚ · Jamaica  Ã‚ · Saint Kitts and Nevis  Ã‚ · Saint Lucia  Ã‚ · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Ã‚ · Trinidad and Tobago  Ã‚ ·| Islam in Oceania[show] Australia Australia  Ã‚ · Norfolk  Island  Ã‚ · Christmas  Island  Ã‚ · Cocos  (Keeling)  Islands Melanesia East  Timor  Ã‚ · Fiji  Ã‚ · New  Caledonia  Ã‚ · Papua New Guinea  Ã‚ · Solomon  Islands  Ã‚ · Vanuatu Micronesia Guam  Ã‚ · Kiribati  Ã‚ · Marshall  Islands  Ã‚ · Northern  Mariana  Islands  Ã‚ · Federated  States of  Micronesia  Ã‚ · Nauru  Ã‚ · Palau PolynesiaAmerican  Samoa  Ã‚ · Cook  Islands  Ã‚ · French  Polynesia  Ã‚ · New  Zealand  Ã‚ · Niue  Ã‚ · Pitcairn  Ã‚ · Samoa  Ã‚ · Tokelau  Ã‚ · Tonga  Ã‚ · Tuvalu  Ã‚ · Wallis and Futuna| This box: view  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  talk  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  edit| Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which has a population of about 174,578,558. [1] The overwhelming majority (95-97%) of the Pakistani people are Muslims while the remaining 3-5% are Christian, Hindu, and others. [2][3] Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Sunnis are the majority while the Shias make up between 10-20%[4][3][5][2] of the total Muslim population of the country.Pakistan has the second largest number of Shias after Iran, which numbers between 17 million to as high as 30 million according to Vali Nasr. [6] Contents[hide] * 1 Umayyad invasion of Sindh and the arrival of Islam * 2 Islam and the Pakistan Movement * 3 Politicized Islam * 4 Muslim sects in Pakistan * 5 Laws and customs * 6 Media and pilgrimages * 7 Islamic education * 8 See also * 9 Further reading * 10 References * 11 External links| [edit] Umayyad invasion of Sindh and the arrival of Islam Main article: Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinentThe Badshahi Masjid, literally the ‘Royal Mosque', was built in 1674 by Aurangzeb. It is one of Lahore's best known landmarks, and epitomizes the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal era. Islam arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711 CE, when th e Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir, this was due to the fact that Raja Dahir had given refuge to numerous Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Mohummad Bin Qasim's army was defeated in his first thee attempts.The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739.Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teach ers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan. [edit] Islam and the Pakistan Movement The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the NorthWest Frontier — essentially what would became Pakistan.Iqbal's idea gave concrete form to two distinct nations in the South Asia based on religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures, and social mores. Islam was thus the basis for the creation and the unification of a separate state. Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1937, in a letter to Jinnah wrote, After a long and careful study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if this system of Law is properly understoo d and applied, at last the right to subsistence is secured to every body.But the enforcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest conviction for many years and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problem of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. [7] But just three days before the creation of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a different commitment. A commitment to secularism in Pakistan.In his inaugural address he said, You will find that in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State. This statement of Jinnah is an object of great controversy since then and this vision of a Pakistan in which Islamic law would not be applied, contrary to Iqbal's perception, was questioned sho rtly after independence. [edit] Politicized IslamFaisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because Prophet Muhammad established a government in Medina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Through the history of Islam, from the Ummayyad (661-750) and Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the Mughals (1526- 1858), Safavis (1501–1722) and the Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood have been treated as one.Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. In March 1949, the first constituent assembly passed Objectives Resolution, which declared that the state of Pakistan will be submitted to the sovereignty of God. In 1950, thirty one Ulema passed a demand draft, called Twenty Two Points of Ulema. This drafted demanded preparation of constitution according to Objectives Resolution. It also demanded changes in the law according to Shariah.In 1977, the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and drugs and changed the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no substantive Islamic reform program was implemented prior to General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance with Islamic prohibitions against usury but were inadequate. edit] Muslim sects in Pakistan Further information: Sectarian violence in Pakistan  and  Shi'a Islam in Pakistan Data Durbar in Lahore, Pakistan is the tomb of A li Hajweri, eleventh century Sufi. People come each year to pay their respects, to say prayers and worship. The large complex also includes Jamia Hajweri, or Hajweri Mosque. According to the CIA World Factbook and Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 95-97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim. [3] The majority of the Pakistani Muslims are Sunnis, while Shias are estimated 10-20%. 8] [4] [3] [5] [2] The Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i. e. , schools of jurisprudence (also ‘Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in Urdu). The Hanafi school of Sunnis includes the Barelvi and Deobandi schools. Although the vast majority of Pakistani Shi'a Muslims belong to Ithna ‘ashariyah school, there are significant minorities: Nizari Ismailis (Agha Khanis) and the smaller Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra branches. The Salafi sect is represented by the Ahle Hadith movement in Pakistan.Many people on the Makran coast of Baloc histan follow the Zikri sect of Islam. The two subsects of Sunni Hanafi school, Barelvis and Deobandis, have their own Masjids. The Shi'a Ithna ‘ashariyah school has its own Masjids commonly termed as Hussainias (Imambargahs). Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra also have their own Masjids, while the Nizari Ismailis pray in Jama'at Khanas. The Ahmadiyya community, a minority group is also present. Ahmadis have been declared non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan.In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim â€Å"as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad†. [9] For this reason, Ahmadis are persecuted on behalf of their beliefs. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the best and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesied to come in the latter days and unite the Muslims. Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not bee n released to date.According to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis made up 0. 25% of the population. However the website adherents. com[10] proposes that the Ahmadiyya Muslim community made up 1. 42% of the population; which is likely to be a less biased source. The Economist puts the figure of Ahmadiyya adherents to 4 million. The Ahmadis claim their community is even larger. Sufism has a strong tradition in Pakistan. The Muslim Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to Islam.As in other areas where Sufis introduced it, Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. The Naqshbandiya, Qadiriya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas have a a large following in Pakistan. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. 11th century), Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan ( ca. 12th century) and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh and Rehman Baba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. edit] Laws and customs There is no law in Pakistan enforcing hijab and wearing of Hijab by Pakistani women is fairly uncommon. However, the practice of wearing Hijab among younger women in urban centers is slowly growing due to media influence from the Middle East and Persian Gulf countries. The episodes of sectarian violence have significantly decreased in frequency over the years due to the conflictual engagement of the Islamic militant organizations with the state's armed forces and intelligence agencies. [edit] Media and pilgrimagesMedia and pilgrimages has influenced Pakistani Muslims to learn more about Islam as a result the local heterodox beliefs and practices are being replaced with orthodox beliefs from Quran and Sunnah. The inexpensive travel, simpler visa rules and direct air travel to Saudi Arabia has resulted in large number Pakistani Muslims going to Medina and Mecca for Haj and Umrah. This has helped to increase Pan-Islamic identity of Pakistani Muslims. The Muslim print media has always existed in Pakistan which included newspapers, books and magazines.The Muslim satellite channels are widely available and are watched by Pakistani population. [edit] Islamic education The Study of Islam as a subject is compulsory for all Muslim students up to Matriculation or O'levels in all schools in Pakistan. Islamic education to the masses is also propagated mainly by Islamic schools and literature. Islamic schools (or Madrassas) mostly cater to the youth from impoverished social backgrounds and those learning to be Islamic clerics. More casual and even research oriented material is available in the form of books.While the most prominent of these schools are being monitored, the latter are being ‘moderated' by both the government and some of the scholars, thereby also removing in the process the various material present in it that is used by An ti-Islam/Anti-Sunni writers. Oldest and universally accepted titles such as the Sahih Bukhari have been revised into ‘summarised' editions and some of the old, complete titles, translated to Urdu, the national language, are not available for purchase now. These changes are also a herald to new outbreaks of religious controversy in the region.

Reduce crime rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reduce crime rate - Essay Example The crime rate has been increasing in the societies for many years, and it has come to pose considerable threat for people in the recent years. The governments have faced a numerous difficulties in controlling crimes and criminals who commit them. Because of this, the need to find a solution for these crimes has become more important than ever. Led by this need, the entire world has been considering methods and possible solutions in order to decrease crime rates, to restrain criminals and murderers, and implement preventive measures for potential violations of laws. Many efficient procedures were developed and implemented in reducing crime rates. Most of these procedures were ethical, and the other solutions foresaw physical punishment. Crime rate can be, first of all, reduced with help of gun control, mandatory sentencing, and increase in numbers of police workers, – these are all constituents of the efficient crime control policy. The first step on the way to minimization of crime rates in society – and a very effective one - is elaborate and well-developed gun control legislation. This is especially important as uncontrolled gun possession might lead to grave consequences: guns might be used to kill other individuals for various reasons and purposes. People could commit murders in the fit of anger or for their personal benefit. In addition, the guns are used by the individuals in order to make the personal benefits such as having money or stealing a car. Very often, people with bad social background use guns to threat other individuals and extort money from them. If a victim has no gun or other weapon in his or her possession, it will be impossible to protect him/herself and defend his/her rights. Authorities should implement compulsory and thorough inspections for people who want to buy weapon. According to Kelling and Corbett (2003), effective law enforcement

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Performance enhancing drugs in sports (which ones athletes use and the benefits and possible side effects of using them) - Research Paper Example Some of them accept athletes as roll models in their life. This is a competitive world and the competition is spread in almost all sectors. By all means, sport is an important part of the competence. For surviving and winning in the competence at the sports field athletes want to maintain and boost their performance more and more. For this reason they always seek the methods for enhancing their performance in competitions and consider drug as the suitable stimuli for achieving their aims. Athletes prefer different types of performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids. There are certain reasons behind the use of drugs by athletes. In the book, Drugs in sports, David R. Mottram reveals many important factors related to the use of drugs in sports. In this book he denominates four reasons for the use of drugs in sports. They are listed below. Performance maintenance: - As part of the treatments which occurs at the time of their practicing or some other situation they forced to take treatments. At this time the medicines they took for the sports injuries many include drugs. From the above mentioned four points it is clear that athletes use drugs for improving their performance. Some of the important factors regarding the performance enhancing drugs in sports are discussed below. Almost all kinds of drugs preferred by the athletes contain substances which help the improvement of their athletic performance. It is not a new phenomenon; in the historical period itself athletes prefer drugs for their performance enrichment. It is not limited to one or two types. The most commonly preferred drug types are steroids and amphetamines and health supplements. First two types come under controlled substances, that is its production and distribution are controlled by the legal authority. One of the major reasons for this strict controlling is its high possibility of abuse especially by the athletes and trainers. Health supplements are

OUT OF THE LOOP IN SILICON VALLEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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