The And Controversial Ethical Conflicts - 1057 Words

Fiat Voluntas Tua One of the most significant and controversial ethical conflicts in this novel occurs in the final section, probing the issue of suicide. A nuclear test has occurred and many people were badly injured by the blasts and radiation. Abbot Zerchi must decide how the church will respond to the affected people. A medical group called Green Star wishes to set up units in the abbey to treat the radiation victims. The church faces a problem because Green Star, in cases where radiation exposure is terminal, recommends that the person go to a mercy camp where euthanasia is administered. The law of the church defines this mercy killing as evil and Zerchi will not allow Green Star to use their courtyard if they will be recommending suicide (Miller 295). Religious and secular ethics are foiled here once again. The two men, Abbot Zerchi and Doctor Cors of Green Star, operate under different moral codes. Zerchi states that he is subject to another law, which forbids anyone on the ch urch property to counsel anyone to do what the Church calls evil, referring to the mercy killings (Miller 295). They only evil Doctor Cors sees, in contrast, is pain (Miller 296). He believes that it is the society that determines whether an action is right or wrong (Miller 297). Doctor Cors exemplifies Singer’s theory well, in that he acts to remove as much suffering as possible and is bound to a moral code not given by a religious authority. Cors does not believe it is ethical thatShow MoreRelatedEthical Egoism as Moral Theory Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesframework, ethical egoism fails as a moral theory to assist moral decision making because it endorses the animalistic nature of humanity, fails to provide a viable solution to a conflict of interest, and is proved to be an evolutionary unstable moral strategy. Outline: Ethical egoism claims that all our actions can be reduced to self-interest. This is a controversial moral theory which sometimes can be detrimental. Without a well-defined framework of the nature of self-interest, ethical egoismRead MoreThe Ethical And Moral Nature Of Products And Services917 Words   |  4 Pagessophisticated quantitative and qualitative methods in trying to conjure up a business model that will incorporate all variables and lead to the best possible outcomes for sustainability and growth in a given sector. Some of the emerging issues relate to the ethical and moral nature of products and services that the businesses trade in a scientific research coupled with an explosion in innovational technologies has illuminated the adverse effects of products that were previously thought to be harmless. TechnologyRead MorePlacebo Use For Pain Management1692 Words   |  7 Pagesphysicians recognized that the use of placebo is ineffective, harmful, and unethical. This formed a real threat for the professionals and become one of the most controversial issues in the last century. This paper set a statement and rationale for eliminate the use of placebo according to the available scientific and ethical literatures on the controversial subject of the use of placebo in pain management. Placebo use in pain management 1. Introduction Pain is a significant public healthRead MoreEssay about Embryonic Stem Cell Research1357 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is a highly controversial topic in todays society, this kind of stem cell commits to regenerate any type of tissue. Unfortunately, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has a dark side. To obtain these cells will kill the embryo automatically. In other words, the acquirement of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell includes performing an abortion. To obtain these cells, it would kill the embryo. This has created controversy since abortion is suchRead MoreReligion Is Interfering With Science And Or Social Progress?1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthan one religion, but I never could understand what they were and what they meant. Today, I am starting to understand more and more about other religions. It has occurred to me that sometimes there is a conflict between religions when talking about certain topics. There are multiple controversial topics that can cause an uproar for one or many religions such as abortion and evolution. In addition, there are disagreements between r eligions that cause many other issues on their own. In that caseRead MoreBusiness Ethics658 Words   |  3 PagesThe Three Ethical Principles: Individual Rights, Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice Timothy Sexton Timothy Sexton, Yahoo Contributor Network Jul 25, 2008 Share your voice on Yahoo websites. Start Here. MORE:Individual RightsUtilitarianism FlagPost a comment Ethics is an enormous field of philosophic study, but basically it all boils down to three general principles that can then branch off into various sub-groupings and variations on the basic theme. Ethical conduct in society, thereforeRead MoreThe Workplace And The Ethical Issues Of The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesbalance the business s needs with an employee s desire to practice his or her religion. One of the most controversial conflicts when dealing with religion in the workplace is between an employee s desire to take time off to acknowledge religious days or holidays and the potential reduction in productivity and profitability. When any discussion of religion in the workplace and the ethical issues that surround it, one must began by discussing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This ActRead MoreEthics And Professional Codes Of Conduct878 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most controversial president in America history. After Trump is the president, his business interest is related to the politic. But there is no law and rules that asks a president to split his financial interests before he takes the president position. In past few period, presidents got away from the business to avoid the conflicts. Trump has no way to put his real estate empire aside. Obvious, he would involve his business into the future politic policy. Democrats aware this conflicts of theRead MoreHuman Nature : Humans And Humans928 Words   |  4 Pagesthat shape the role and status of animals in society. The relationships, or absence of relationships between humans and nonhumans has an effect on the way humans interact with one another within a culture. This paper will analyze and discuss the controversial way, in which society perceives and behaves towards nonhuman beings. This topic is based on and inspired by the statement made by the late Mahatma Ghandi, â€Å"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals areRead MoreEthics Of Behavioral Science Research Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesgovern our behavior, such as rules, laws, and the Ten Commandments. Most people learn ethical norms from parents, siblings, classmates, and at church, and other social settings. Most people learn the difference between right and wrong when they are younger, but ethical and moral development occurs throu ghout life. Some might see ethical norms as common sense, but if that was the case, would we have so many ethical disputes in the world? In this paper, I plan to discuss abuses in human subject research

Ocd Research Paper - 4557 Words

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD stands for obsessive-compulsive disorder. An individual with OCD tends to worry about many different things. On average, one out of fifty adults currently suffer from this disorder, and twice that many have had it at some point in their lives. When worries, doubts, or superstitious beliefs become excessive then a diagnosis of OCD is made. With OCD it is thought that the brain gets stuck on a particular thought or urge and just cant let go. Most often people with OCD describe the symptoms as a case of mental hiccups that wont go away. This causes problems in information processing. OCD was generally thought as untreatable until the arrival of modern medications and cognitive behavior therapy. Most people†¦show more content†¦For example while getting ready for school a child may check his or her books several times to make sure they are all there even to the point where the child is late for school. Once the child is in school they may call to return home and check their books once more. These rituals may also interfere with the completion of homework. This could make a child work late at night to complete an assignment that could have taken ten minutes to complete. Repeating compulsions are rituals in which some one repeats a certain action over and over again. These rituals can in some cases be anxiety driven and in other cases have to be done just so. For instance a person might walk backward and forward or get up and down from a chair many times until the ritual is performed just right. These rituals are also connected with counting rituals. In children the rituals can assume many forms in the classroom. This could lead to many repeated questions because the child may need to remember or know something. On written assignments the student could endlessly cross out, trace, or rewrite letters or words. Lockers can also cause a problem because the combination may need to be repeated several times till it feels right. Note taking is most likely impossible because the student is compelled to take every word down. Computer scored tests are a nightmare because the student has to fill in the circles perfectly. Uncomfortable feelings such as fear, disgust, doubt,Show MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1224 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will distill information from the four articles provided to provide a more thorough understanding of the effects Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, otherwise known as OCD, has on an individual. The paper will explain and interpret the link between obsession and compulsion that is characteristic of being diagnosed with OCD. In addition, this paper will describe the impact having this disorder can have on an individual in their day to day lives. This paper will clearly articulate exactlyRead MoreTherefore, Continuing A Solid Support System Melvin Should1091 Words   |  5 Pagesprogression in his prognosis of OCD, but can further his positive prognosis with proper therapy, medicine, and a support system. Therapy The proper therapeutic approach regarding Mr. Udall would consist of a combination of exposure and response prevention (ERP) based behavior therapy (BT) and pharmacotherapy consisting of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI). â€Å"Currently, behavior therapy that focuses on exposure and response prevention is the psychological treatment of choice of OCD† (Olatunji, RosenfieldRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )905 Words   |  4 Pages I decided to write my paper on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in children. OCD is a type of anxiety disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly. Kids with OCD become preoccupied with whether something could be harmful, dangerous, wrong, or dirty — or with thoughts that unpleasant stuff could happen. It can cause severe anxiety in those affected. Kids with OCD also might worry about things not being in order or just right. TheyRead MorePsychological Disorders115 4 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Disorder July, 20, 2011 Psychological Disorder Paper Psychological disorders are stated to be abnormalities of the mind, known as mental disorders (Klasco, 2011). Abnormalities of the mind cause persistent behaviors that affect an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily function and life (Klasco, 2011). The different types of psychological disorders include mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders (Klasco, 2011). The causes of these disorders are unknown, butRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1321 Words   |  6 Pagesother compulsive disorders. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, also known as OCD, is a condition â€Å"marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts or obsessions and urges to engage in senseless rituals called compulsions† (Weiten, 2015). Some examples of these obsessions or urges include persistent hand washing, counting, and extensive checking such as if doors are locked or ovens are turned off. In OCD some of the actions performed by those who suffer from the disorder becomeRead MoreIntroduction. For This Research Assignment, The Selected1387 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For this research assignment, the selected movie was As Good as It Gets. The author of this paper will provide an examination of the abnormalities of Jack Nicholson’s character Melvin Udall. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to the extent of which Melvin’s abnormalities correlate to the DSM-5 description of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Further evaluation includes discussing the portrayal, etiology, prognosis, and proper therapeutic approaches for the OCD symptoms exhibitedRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract This paper explores Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in depth. OCD will be defined extensively as well as how it begins, who it affects, the studies being done for it, and current cures for the unfortunate mental disorder. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors as well as genetic influences play a relatively large role in the onset of OCD. It affects millions of people throughout the United States. Research being done by Yale University’s OCD Research Clinic as well asRead MoreAfter Diagnosis, Parental Action, And Acceptance By The927 Words   |  4 Pagesbegin.one get treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most efficient treatment for OCD. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches a child different way to behave. There is scientific evidence that this form of therapy causes chemical reactions in the brain. A person who uses this therapy will undergo chemical changes in the brain and feel relief from their symptoms of OCD (Schwartz 1996). A child with OCD needs to understand that they get recurring thoughts and need to learn how to stop it. CognitiveRead MoreEmily Clunan. Mrs. Bell. Annotated Bibliography. General951 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Clunan Mrs. Bell Annotated Bibliography General Psychology/ Spring 2017 3 April, 2017 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder For this paper I have chosen obsessive compulsive disorder. 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Good Essay Writing Free Essays

A good essay should begin with a proper title, give an explanation of what the essay is about in the first paragraph and follow through the remainder of the essay, allowing the reader a better understanding of the topic of the essay. The essay should also provide adequate paragraphs with proper grammar, which support the first paragraph. The conclusion of the essay is also extremely important and should always talk about the topic of the essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Essay Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now With good essay writing, the writer should use a clear and proper title for the heading of his essay.   This title should be one that is direct and to the point. The heading should relay a clear meaning of what the entire essay will be discussing from the very beginning to the last conclusion of the essay. By using supporting paragraphs, the reader is able to easily follow what the writer is saying throughout the essay and will be capable of a flowing explanation that has proper meaning to the reader. Supporting paragraphs will always directly relate to the topic of the essay so by talking about events and related issues that support the topic, the reader never strays from the main subject of the meaning of the essay. Also by using supporting paragraphs the writer is able to offer additional information that will give a better understanding of the topic that is being discussed by the writer. The essay writer should always use proper grammar and words that are clear and easy to understand. By utilizing proper grammar and words that are easily understand, the reader will be more capable of completely understanding the message that the writer is conveying to the reader. A good conclusion is also important in essay writing so that the writer ends their reading with a well-rounded meaning of the complete essay. A proper conclusion should be closely related to the first paragraph of the essay and offer an ending that answers a question or gives a direct meaning to the entire essay. A good essay should use the rules and guidelines described in this essay so that the essay writing will flow like a wonderful conversation on paper from the heading of the paper to the very last concluding paragraph. The essay should always offer the reader an enjoyable reading experience. Good essay writing is important and the main purpose of each good essay should be to always use good structure. To conclude this essay, I would like to offer that I did pay close attention to the heading of this essay, I used a great leading paragraph that told what my essay would consist of. I used clear words that are easy to understand while I paid close attention to using proper grammar in my writing. Also, I used supporting paragraphs in this essay that remained on topic throughout this essay and I will end by offering that I believe that this is a wonderful example of an essay that offers the reader an explanation about what a good essay should consist of. How to cite Good Essay Writing, Essays

Impact of Innovation on Organization-

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Innovation on Organization Performance in retail Industry in United Kingdom. Answer: Field of research This research topic will identify the impact of using innovation in to the business model of the organization. The study will highlight the various types of innovative strategies, which are being used by companies in the retail industry to gain competitive advantage. The retail market is saturated in United Kingdom and there is immense competition in the market. Thus, there is repetitive use of innovation among the companies for maintaining the sustainability of the organization. Secondary data source The study will use data from various articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant website articles to gather relevant data. The study will use thematic and case study method to analyze various cases relevant to this field. The journals and articles will be analyzed to form themes and provide relevant data that will be able to validate the existing theories. Pantano, E. (2014). Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 344-350. Keywords - innovation in retail industry, impact of innovation on retail, business model innovation in retail Research objective To identify the impact of innovation on the retail industry in United Kingdom To identify the significance of innovation on the retail industry in United Kingdom To recommend suitable strategies for organizations to gain competitive advantage and maintain long term sustainability in the retail industry. Research question What is the impact of innovation on the performance of the organizations in the retail sector? What is the significance of innovation on the performance of the organizations in the retail sector? References Yu, W., Ramanathan, R., Nath, P. (2014). The impacts of marketing and operations capabilities on financial performance in the UK retail sector: A resource-based perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), 25-31. Moatti, V., Ren, C. R., Anand, J., Dussauge, P. (2015). Disentangling the performance effects of efficiency and bargaining power in horizontal growth strategies: An empirical investigation in the global retail industry.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), 745-757. Camisn, C., Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), 2891-2902.

Cyber security analyst OUtline Essays - Cybercrime,

cyber security analyst OUtline The career interest that I will be exploring for my concept map is going to be a Cyber Security Analyst. The critical thinking questions that will need to be known in order obtain a career as a Cyber Security Analyst. What are the duties and responsibilities of a Cyber Security Analyst? Researching the duties that are required for this position A job search for this position on different credible website will be beneficial to get an accurate description of what is needed. How much can a Cyber Security Analyst earn annually when hired? The pay scale must be found on what the salary for this position is determine annual earning. Once pay scale is determine that if it is weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, or annually then this will help to determine the pay for a cyber security analyst What type of certifications is required for a Cyber Security Analyst? Depending on State there should be a site showing the licensure, certification, or registration that is needed. All the requirements must be known in order to get an accurate answer to this question. What are the education and experience requirement needed for this position? It should be known if I need experience, associate, and bachelor's degree, to work as a Cyber Security Analyst. This information can be found in articles written on Cyber Security Analyst also. I could find the information about education need in websites about Cyber Security Analysts. Some companies may require different education degrees in order to be employed by the company as a Cyber Security Analyst. I can find this information on different company applications or websites that could be potential employers.

Questionnaire on Managerial Skills Essays

Questionnaire on Managerial Skills Essays Questionnaire on Managerial Skills Essay Questionnaire on Managerial Skills Essay Questionnaire on Managerial Skills 1. Name: ____________________________________________________________ _ 2. Institutes Name: ____________________________________________________________ _ 3. Location of the Institute: ____________________________________________________________ _ 4. Do you accept CAT’s result for your entrance? Yes No 5. Do you accept any other aptitude test’s results other than CAT? Yes No 6. If yes, which? a) MAT b) XAT c) NMAT d) SNAP e) All above f) Others (Please Specify): _______________________________________ 7. Which is the general procedure for selection you follow? a) Entrance + PI + GD b) _________________________ Additions. 8. Rate the skills mentioned below in terms of preference while selecting prospects from PI. a) Soft – skills b) Interpersonal skills c) Negotiating Skills d) Problem solving skills e) Communication skills f) General knowledge skills g) Management skills h) Goal clarity i) Spontaneity 9. How much importance do you give for having work experience before joining? Very important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Less important 0. Rate the following areas of work experience which you would prefer in a prospect with work experience. a) Marketing experience b) Sales experience c) Human resource experience d) Insurance experience e) B. P. O experience f) Business experience g) Others (Please specify): ________________________________ 11. What are the skills that according to you a management graduate must posses before entering the industry? _____________________________________________ _______________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________ 12. What are the skills that you would give more importance to a) Soft – skills b) Technical skills c) Technology – adoption d) Adoption to change e) Problem solving ) Presentation g) Convincing 13. Rate the following skills on the basis of their importance: Particulars| Scale| | Least Important| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| Very Important| Listening Skills| | | | | | | | | | Critical Thinking| | | | | | | | | | Active Learning| | | | | | | | | | Quality Learning| | | | | | | | | | Quantity Learning| | | | | | | | | | Judgmental Skill s| | | | | | | | | | Time Management| | | | | | | | | | Leadership Skills| | | | | | | | | | Analytical Skills| | | | | | | | | | Decision Making Skills| | | | | | | | | |

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Final paper - Essay Example r dehumanisation of the Jews through the environment and the brutal, cold treatment from different groups of people, and though many survivors had the ideology of using one another as means to basic survival, some admirably managed to keep their humanity intact by compartmentalising animal and humane instincts. The book effectively demonstrates that, to win against the Nazis, the Jews did not only fight the daily battles for physical survival in Auschwitz, but, more importantly, they fought the war for the survival of their humanity. The temporal setting reflects the inhumane conditions of the Jews through the Nazis who used the environment to maximise the torture they could inflict on them. The transportation to the camp itself was agonising enough to kill many. Without food, water, warmth, and enough physical space, Levi captures the first stage of the machine of destruction- to die by natural means through unnatural uses of environmental conditions.2 He narrates how, in the trains, â€Å"†¦men, women and children [were] pressed together without pity, like cheap merchandise, for a journey towards nothingness, a journey down there, towards the bottom.†3 The inclusion of women and children in the same circumstances indicated how the Nazis perpetuated anti-Semitic ideology that judged the Jews’ inferiority as innate, even women and children were not spared. One of the greatest enemies in the Holocaust was not only the Nazis, but the severe environment. Even in summer, Buna was not better, excep t it was not so cold. Levi takes pains depicting Buna as â€Å"desperately and essentially opaque and gray,† a â€Å"negation of beauty,†4 while Carbide Tower was compared to the Tower of Babel because inhabitants had 15 to 20 languages.5 These descriptions prove that the centralised aspect of the annihilation of the Jews included their assignment in unrelenting environments that killed them physically and mentally. Removed from their comfortable civilised stations in life,

How do uniforms affect students in public schools...help or hinder Essay

How do uniforms affect students in public schools...help or hinder - Essay Example Students benefit by a reduction in the amount of concerns they generally deal with at school, freeing their attention to concentrate more on the scholarly issues which is what they should be doing in class. There is a lengthy history uniform use in schools, mostly from the private sector until expanding more so into the public arena relatively recently. All of these factors clearly demonstrate the benefits of uniforms. The majority of the public school uniform policies include relatively common restrictions, such as khaki or navy pants and solid colored shirts with collars with the school insignia patch only, no brand name or symbol allowed. Despite the benefits of uniforms and somewhat relaxed standard of dress there remains great opposition to uniform policies by parents who misguidedly insist that uniform policies somehow limit a child’s ability to express themselves. The proposition of requiring K-12 students to wear uniforms is not a new idea. It has been utilized for mor e than a century to help promote a sense of scholastic endeavors along with respect for oneself and others within the school setting. When President Clinton said â€Å"I believe we should give strong support to school districts that decide to require young students to wear school uniforms†, his opinion was based on a history of school uniforms conveying a calming effect on students (cited in Weitzel, 2004: 10). Schools in England have employed school uniforms for years for two reasons, to keep the children of lower class households from being distinguishable from upper class children and as a badge of honor to for academic achievement. â€Å"As can be seen in the history of the school uniform, such requirements of standardized dress also include a symbolic rhetoric of legitimate authority, a reservoir of institutional and organizational values of the school, and a method of social and cultural control over cohorts of students moving through the system. Those without a unifor m would feel left out† (Brunsma, 2004: 6). By including students in a particular social group as a member of a singular identifiable student body, uniforms help to build a sense of cooperation and community among children who may not otherwise get along. Students who outgrow their uniforms can donate them to students who can’t afford them. Uniforms reduce clothing costs for all parents and are especially helpful to families on a strict budget. Studies into self-expression and fashion have shown that a direct link exists between the kind of clothing we wear and the way we feel about ourselves. â€Å"With fashion and dress adapting to represent the ever-changing self, fashion therefore serves as a vehicle for establishing identity and self-concept† (Weitzel, 2004: 12). Therefore, regardless of the kind of cloths we wear, we are making a announcement about how we wished to be perceived and what we want to be associated with. Parents often disagree with the idea of s tudent uniforms because they think this requirement prevents students from expressing themselves. It must be acknowledged that there many types of occupations that also require a uniform. â€Å"Police officers, firemen, airline employees, nurses, doctors, lawyers and all branches of the military have some form of required dress. Most of our blue collar workers are also required to wear a uniform in the performing of their jobs †¦ It makes them a part of a team that performs a certain job in a certain manner and provides for a more cohesive

NPV and IRR Capital Budgeting Tools Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NPV and IRR Capital Budgeting Tools - Assignment Example Budget in the context of capital budgeting is the plan that describes in detail inflows and outflows of revenue and expenses during the project life. The project life for this case is 10 years. Budget will show the company detail plan of cash inflows and outflows during the 10-year operation period of the aircraft. The two words together – capital budget indicates a list of planned long-term investment outlays for projects. In this case, planned investment is to purchase one of two aircrafts and make additional profits from its operation. Capital budgeting is the method used to determine which among long-term capital investment should be chosen. In this case, we are determining one project – purchase of an aircraft. However, we are using two different aircrafts. For simplicity, two different aircrafts are considered as two separate projects. Capital budgeting process helps strategic planning committee pick up the option, which gives higher rate of return considering tim e value factor of money. This is why it is important in strategic management. Without capital budgeting strategic management team will enter into a wrong selection. Question 2. Explain why the NPV and IRR capital budgeting tools are superior to the accounting rate of return and simple payback techniques for determining the attractiveness of capital investment opportunities.   Answer. ...This method has two limitations. It does not consider cash inflows for the project beyond payback year, and time value of money. Example: Given below cash flows of two different projects for the same return rate, k = 10 %. Project Investment Cash flow Yr 1 Cash flow Yr 2 A $10,000 $0 $14,500 B $10,000 $ 10,000 $ 2,500 Payback method will select project B, since it pays of in one year. Net present value (NPV) The concept of NPV is included in the following formula, NPV = - Initial Investment + Sum of present value of all cash flows until the end of the project. The basis of this method is in evaluat ion of time value of future money. NPV measures the additional market value that is created or destroyed as a result of implementation of investment. Example Given below cash flows of two different projects for the same return rate, k = 10 % Project Investment Cash flow Yr 1 Cash flow Yr 2 A $10,000 $0 $14,500 B $10,000 $ 10,000 $ 2,500 NPV A = - 10,000 + 0 + 12,000 / (1+0.1) 2 = - 10,000 + 14,500 / 1.21 = - 10,000 + 11,983 = 1,983 NPV B = - 10,000 + 10,000 / (1+0.1) 1 + 2,500 / (1+0.1) 2 = - 10,000 + 9,090 + 2,066 = 1,156 According to NPV selection method both projects have NPV > 0, but project â€Å"A† has higher value. With Payback method project â€Å"B† was selected, with NPV method project â€Å"A† is selected. Two-year cash flow calculation in NPV method shows that project â€Å"A† would maximize the investment. This cannot be said about Payback method. Accounting rate of return This method ignores time value of money.

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal Introduction â€Å"Our society has decided that man is a creature born of free will. At the same time, our system recognises that attitudes may be influenced by environmental factors.† (Taylor, 1984: 9) Adults who engage in criminal conduct are seen as having values which are distorted by adverse environmental conditions. â€Å"Guilt then is premised upon the concept that everyone who commits an act does so out of an exercise of free will. A person is fully capable of not committing the act, should he or she so desire.† (Taylor, 1984: 10) This approach is referred to as the ‘classicist approach’. Classicists have achieved near-total victory in the recent years resulting in our criminal justice system being founded upon the concept that criminal behaviour is the complete result of environmental influences, that it is nurture that shapes conduct. This has caused our social institutions to attempt to correct deviant behaviour through modification to environmental influences through prison and rehabilitation programmes. The number of offences recorded by the police in the UK between June 2012 and June 2013 is 3.7 million (Office for National Statistics, 2013). It needs to be questioned whether this crime level is the result of a troubled society or the result of a breakdown in the criminal justice system? Recidivism is still occurring with more than one in four criminals reoffending within a year of release (Ministry of Justice, 2013). A possible reason for this could be that the whole premise on which we base our criminal justice is defective. If this classicist premise is wrong then it is no wonder that recidivism is continuing to happen and that as a society we are failing to eradicate crime. If the actual cause of crime is identified then there is the potential of eliminating crime, easing pain, and instilling common trust and security. Stephen Mobley had all the attributes of a natural born killer. At the age of 25, he walked into a pizza store and shot the manager in the neck after robbing the till. Nobody could blame his upbringing – he came from a white, middle-class American family and had not been abused as a child. In 1995 he was waiting on death row in Georgia to hear whether his appointment with the electric chair was confirmed. His lawyer tried to plea that his murder was not the evil result of free will but the tragic consequence of a genetic predisposition. His aunt, a witness for the defence, testified that various members of their family over the past four generations have been very violent, aggressive and criminal. She told the court how the Mobley family had had murder, rape, robbery, and suicide. His lawyer therefore argued that there is no legal defence to Mobley’s crime. Mobley’s family history is an obvious mitigating factor and his actions may not have been a product totally of free will (Connor, 1995). To date, there has been little agreement that a person’s biology has an influence on crime. Early biological theorists such as Lombroso have been widely discredited mainly on the basis of a flawed methodology however the recent and more contemporary biological explanations of crime have been shown to more credible. This dissertation will explore contemporary biological ideas on crime – the role of genetics. What if there are people that are genetically predisposed to commit crimes? Should they be held to account for their actions that may have been completely beyond their control? In light of the apparent failures of our current criminal justice system, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the real causes of crime. Can we afford to ignore the possibility that criminal behaviour could be due to genetics? There is also the issue of how society should deal with the offender whose crime was genetically influenced? Society has decided that no individual should be held accountable for acts performed when he or she is mentally incapacitated. We have the defence of insanity when people who have a ‘disease of the mind’ commit crimes. It needs to be considered whether genetic aberration should be considered in mitigation of, or as a defence to, a criminal charge. Some would say that to accept the notion that criminals are born rather than made would be opening a gateway to a moral minefield causing other factors including society, unemployment, and upbringing to be ignored (Connor, 1995). General Research Aim It is the purpose of this dissertation to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through way of literature analysis. I will briefly explore early biological theories such as those of Lombroso and his idea of a ‘criminal man’, moving on to discuss contemporary biological ideas the influence of a person’s genetics on criminal behaviour. The research will explore the effectiveness of punishment and how biological ideas may have influenced punishment by placing emphasis on the treatment of offenders. Finally, the ethical implications surrounding the treatment model will be considered. Aims and Objectives In order to successfully answer my research aim, a number of sub-questions must be considered: How does society view crime? This dissertation begins by explaining why further research into the topic is essential. The main body of this dissertation will be introduced with a discussion of how our society currently views crime – is it a product of a person’s biological influences, environmental influences, or a combination of the two? What is biological positivism? In order to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society, I must first clarify what biological positivism actually is. I will explore early biological theories leading on to a discussion of contemporary biological ideas. Relevant case studies will be looked at to inspect the usefulness of these present day theories in explaining crime and criminal behaviour. How has biological positivism affected punishment? The dissertation will then move on to assess how these theories, previously discussed, have affected punishment. In order to do this I will first look to why we punish and what forms of punishment are currently used in the UK. Using reoffending statistics I will critically analyse the effectiveness of these current forms of punishment, leading on to a discussion about an alternative to punishment suggested by biological positivists: The role of treatment. Is the treatment model effective? The effectiveness of the treatment model will then be evaluated. Consequently, emphasis on treatment over punishment carries huge ethical implications. These ethical implications will be discussed with an in depth exploration on the incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998. Are there any proposals for change to the current criminal justice system which suggests a move towards the treatment of offenders? Finally, any proposals for change in the criminal justice system put forward by the Government will be discussed if they are of relevance to key points highlighted in this dissertation. Suggestions for future changes in the criminal justice system made by biological theorists will also be argued. Conclusion Despite the in-depth research there is still much debate on the true causes of crime. The central importance of identifying the causes of crime has been discussed through this dissertation. With both crime rates, and reoffending rates, being considerably high (Office for National Statistics, 2013 ; Ministry of Justice, 2013) it is vital that the causes of crime are identified, and individuals are therefore dealt with accordingly, in order for these figures to decrease. After researching into biological positivism, the use of biological theories in the current criminal justice system are identifiably lacking with more emphasis on environmental factors being seen as the causes of crime. A biosocial, multi-factor, approach has been formed over the recent years incorporating environmental, social, and biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009) nevertheless there seems to be an ignorance of biological factors. The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through an analysis of existing literature. The main focus of the research was to identify contemporary biological ideas, and then examine how they influenced punishment in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Theses influences were then analysed in terms of effectiveness, with ethical issues later being questioned. Biological positivism is relevant in today’s society. The research does not suggest that biological factors are the sole cause of criminal behaviour for every individual offender, but that it can have an influence on an individual’s susceptibility to commit a crime (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Environmental and social factors also later contribute to shape the offender. Early biological theories stemmed from the work of Lombroso. Although his work is largely discredited, he laid the foundation on which much more plausible explanations could be formed. Research into contemporary biological explanations, including twins studies and hormones, has led to the conclusion that criminality in a minority of offenders is solely caused by biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Although these more contemporary biological ideas have been shown to be credible, this credibility does not seem to be reflected in the current criminal justice system. Biological positivists have favoured treatment over punishment as way of dealing with offenders (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). This dissertation has recognised that emphasis is currently placed on punishment, and primarily, imprisonment. There have been many attempts over the years to adopt a treatment approach however, due to both financial and time-related restrictions, these attempts have been limited considerably. This limitation implies that sex offences are the only offences seen as a result of a biological defect in the offender. The rationale behind treatment being offered only to sex offenders however, is quite noticeably the result of some other reason: sex offenders are the most despised group of offenders, even among other offenders and therefore there is an increased pressure on the criminal justice system to ensure that these offenders do not re-offend. Specialised treatment techniques such as chemical castration have therefore been developed to deal with them (Miller, 1998). An implication of these findings, that a person’s biology does have an effect on their susceptibility to commit crime, is that biological defects should be taken into account for all offenders and in turn, treatment should be offered to every individual offender despite costs. Although prison is used most commonly to punish offenders, and is arguably cheaper than treatment, long term costs are substantial. This suggests that it is more beneficial for the criminal justice system to invest in something that works to rehabilitate the offender and prevent them from reoffending, than to incarcerate them preventing them from offending only on a short term basis. It is important that the cause of crime in each individual offender is identified and then dealt with accordingly. There have been numerous analyses of the treatment model in terms of ethical issues however authors of these analyses have either concluded that treatment violates all of the offenders fundamental rights, or none of them (Miller, 1998). The analysis of these ethical issues through this dissertation has led to the conclusion that the current forms of treatment, offered on a voluntary basis, are not in breach of offenders’ rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. There is an underlying issue of discrimination however, under article 14 ECHR, as it can be argued that treatment offered only to sex offenders is discriminating it is discriminating for sex offenders, and also discriminating for those offenders that are not offered treatment. By offering treatment to all offenders it will ensure that any biological influences to crime in offenders can be addressed, and then treated. It has been earlier identified that not all offenders have a biological predisposition, but for those offenders that do, it may rehabilitate the individual and prevent reoffending. In response to this, article 14 ECHR and the prohibition of discrimination may not be as much of a concern. To offer treatment to all offenders would be a step towards removing this cause of discrimination. Other ethical issues surrounding treatment, including informed and valid consent, and off-label drugs, have also been addressed in this dissertation, and have been seen to be justified. Recommendations It has been identified that research into twin studies, in particular monozygotic twins, is the most credible in terms of ascertaining the influence of genetics on criminal behaviour. It is therefore recommended that if it were possible to locate a representative sample of monozygotic twins who satisfied experimental conditions, being separated at birth and growing up in different environments, then the true extent of how much influence our genes have on criminal behaviour can be determined. The criminal justice system must recognise that other offences, not only sex offences, can be the result of a genetic defect and consequently treatment should be offered to all offenders. Treatment given should be appropriate for the offender, and offered on a voluntary basis in order to avoid potential ethical issues. To ensure consent is free, informed and valid, offenders should be assessed to ensure they have the mental capacity to give consent, and to ensure they are aware of all risks involved. Although long term effects are unknown, as long as the offender is aware of the uncertainty then informed consent is not an issue. Drugs should also be licensed for the purpose of treating offenders. More rigorous testing is needed using double-blind randomised trials along with full medical tests prior to, during and after treatment (Harrison, 2008). Genetic aberrations should be considered as a mitigating factor with consideration given to biological influences on the offender when sentencing.

The Dangerous Combination of the Media and the Weight-Loss Industry Es

The Dangerous Combination of the Media and the Weight-Loss Industry    Abstract: Excessive use of diet pills by American women stems from the idea that thinness is ideal. This ideal is unlikely to change in the near future, so the use of diet pills and other unhealthy fat diets is likely to increase. If women remain unaware of the health risks associated with the use and abuse of these unregulated drugs, rates of illness and even death are also likely to increase. In 1997, the use of diet pills directly caused seventeen deaths (Cohen). Medical professionals speculate that many other deaths are indirectly related to weight-loss drugs. FDA regulation of 'natural' substances such as ephedrine and caffeine would alleviate widespread use of diet pills. Without such regulation, advertisement of these drugs will continue to entice young women to unintentionally abuse their bodies and risk their health. Depictions of women in the media have expressed thinness as perfect for the past few decades, and the thin ideal is becoming more extreme. The 'waif model' is common in magazines, on television, and on the runway. Although these individuals are considered underweight by medical evaluation, their appearance has become desired by the average American woman. Oddly, even as Americans have aspired to weigh less, our average weight has increased by more than ten percent since the early 1970s (Berg 29). This weight gain probably results from the high fat content in popular, condensed foods. This inadvertent weight gain, coupled with increasing desire for thinness, has created an enormous market for 'fad diets.' One variety of these diets is the use of diet pills. Despite the dangers of weight-loss drugs, they were used by an approximate... ...s associated with the use and abuse of these unregulated drugs, rates of illness and even death are also likely to increase. In 1997, the use of diet pills directly caused seventeen deaths (Cohen). Medical professionals speculate that many other deaths are indirectly related to weight-loss drugs. FDA regulation of 'natural' substances such as ephedrine and caffeine would alleviate widespread use of diet pills. Without such regulation, advertisement of these drugs will continue to entice young women to unintentionally abuse their bodies and risk their health. Works Cited Berg, Frances M. Health Risks of Weight Loss. Hettinger, ND: Healthy Weight Journal, 1995. Cohen, Elizabeth. "FDA Wants Warning Labels for Some Herbal Supplements." CNN 3 June 1997. CNN Interactive. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 2001. "Ephedra." TNP. Online. Internet. 17 Oct. 2001.

Intellectual Capital

The competitive market and the rapid changes that occur almost dally require organization to stay abreast with learning and adaptation. The need to get the right personnel whether through recruiting or training is crucial in attaining the goals of an organization. The quest to assemble the necessary expertise needed in the various parts of the organization has become a daily strive for managers because of the demands of the consumer.According to Duncan (1 979), there are internal environmental components that need to be satisfied depending on a particular tutorial specification so as the output will conform to the necessary expectations. The composition of an organization remains critical to the realization of goals and achieving the expectations of stakeholders. In sustaining competitive advantage, the need to identify, enhance, and distribute the core competencies or the knowledge of an organization is critical (Passer & Rene, 2011).The knowledge or expertise needed to run an organ ization should be made available whether internally or by acquiring outside help. Internally, coaching, training and consistent supervision can transfer Information from one person to the next and that must be made as part of the business culture. The knowledge one attains through years of experience on the Job can be said to be invaluable, Xx (2013) shares that, human beings are endowed with different qualities and as such particular attention have to be paid to human resource especially in this knowledge-based economy.It is therefore imperative for organizations to develop mechanisms that will retain employees with knowledge that is Inherent. The knowledge and the skills of an individual or the collective brainpower f workers In an organization combined with the ability of the firm to create, collect, coordinate, retrieve, leverage, and collaborate forms the basis of Intellectual capital (Guppy & Sporadic, 2013). There can be diverse array of skills, expertise and knowledge across a given organization due to the differences in the type of work one is assigned to or the department an employee belongs.Employees have to meet set job requirements in order to be hired in the first place, however, the adjustments and adaptation of each person Is different and with time the level of knowledge fifers based on one's ablest. Definition of Intellectual Capital According to Stewart (1997), there are three forms of intellectual capital; the human capital comprises of skills, competencies, and abilities of individuals and groups.This type of capital relates directly with a person's knowledge or talent whether acquired on the Job or technical expertise from special training. The human capital therefore Is Inherent and organizations may not be able to claim ownership. An example of human capital is interpersonal skills, this may be listed as a core competence of a reticular position, but the degree of how each person exhibits may differ and as such there will be employees c onsidered as star performers when it comes to that.Transferring such capital is a task on its own sense it takes the consent as well as the ability to communicate effectively by the individual. Whereas human capital deals the company such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks, processes, methodologies, models, documents, computer networks and software (Steward, 1997). This can be said to be tangible knowledge and the organization can rely in the execution of their strategic plans. Customer capital deals with the value an organizations put on relationships with suppliers, allies, and customers (Steward, 1997).The image and reputation of organizations can be measured using relationships it has built over the years and the premium it places on customer service. Role In assessing intellectual capital, there is no one size fits all because organizations vary in their emphasis due to their past, the market, and their strategy to achieve their goals. The dynamics of the global economy wit h the rapid changes and advancement of technology makes intellectual capital an important factor for the success of an organization.Employing the different parts of an intellectual capital as a key system in an organization can function as the precursor to dealing with external changes that may impact the business. As stated above, the three parts of intellectual capital when managed can helped with issues from, employee training and that is utilizing the human component, building a strong culture through structural adherence and managing customer base and achieving the goals of the organization with the attendant profitability.Daisies (2013) in defining intellectual UAPITA stated that, organizations use the attributes of the intellectual capital as a resource to secure competitive advantage, and create Focusing on the intellectual capital of an organization can enhance the development of a competent workforce which has the capacity for action and creativity. So internally, this giv es the organization the area to invest more in terms of promotion or getting it to desired levels. Externally, the management of intellectual capital conforms to changes in market and the public perception of the image of organization (Daisies, 2013).There s therefore a significant value that can be assessed for an organization's intellectual capital which will correlate to the position and how investors make decision about the organization. The ability to have a quantitative value to intellectual capital as an asset drives the competitive advantage in the market place. Value Even though the term has been there for decades (since the sass's), the competitive global market brought about by the changes of the economic indicators from an agrarian to a knowledge or information based economy has made intellectual capital more relevant now than ever.According to Guppy and Sporadic (2013), the idea that the knowledge repository of an organization is the driving force behind its ability to survive, grow, and sustain its competitive advantage in the global marketplace has a long rich history. However, intellectual capital is now seen as key area where creativity, innovations are borne to sustain the competitiveness of the organization. Learning Organization The strategy of an organization to achieve its mission and goals depends on several factors.The direction of an organization to remain competitive given the market may all for an aspect of knowledge management that is intellectual capital. The use of intellectual implies the deployment of human resources, information technology, business strategy and employees participation in order to transfer the imperative experiences across the company (Be]inurn & larches, 2011). The onus is on recognize with distinct roles for such transfer to happen. The responsibility of facilitating this information sharing can be Herculean since it needs the buy in of the said individual and also the capability to teach others.Conclusion Th e dynamism of today's world such as high customer expectations, calls for organizations to stay abreast with changes in technology and evolution of new competitive ideas, with a workforce that has the skills and knowledge to adapt these changes. This concept of intellectual capital which promotes creativity and innovation is attractive to modern day organizations because of the value it brings in comparison to the competition. The saying that knowledge is power is indeed manifested with various mechanisms been put in place by organizations to enrich heir workforce to stay ahead of the game. Intellectual Capital The end of the 20th entry Is associated with the birth off new outlook on nature and science, that brings people a little closer to nature, a science that makes human intelligence and creatively an expression of a fundamental trend In the universe. Taking Into account this new perspective on the economy and on the society that Is based on knowledge, professor Quash from London School of Economics says that we live in a world that focuses on the economic value of intangible assets. This way, ideas worth billions, while the products still cost less.The society of the third millennium has employees who are valuable because of theirs knowledge. I n many of these companies, the value does not consist of tangible assets, but of the intangible ones. Intellectual capital is the combined intangible assets which enable the company to function effectively Judging from the information already provided, the essay focuses on the role of intellectual capital in the new economy. I chose this topic b ecause we are witnesses to the fact that the structure and dynamic processes of wealth generation are changing dramatically.In such an environment traditional methods are Inadequate, therefore I think that It Is Interesting but at the name time vital to find new methods. Not least what Is Important from my point of view is that people are regarded as the main resource in all sectors, which means 2. Definition of intellectual capital Since organizational knowledge is at the crux of sustainable competitive advantage, the burgeoning field of intellectual capital is an exciting area for both researchers and practitioners.Intellectual capital is conceptualized from numerous disciplines making the field a mosaic of perspectives. Accountants are interested in how to measure it on the balance sheet, information technologists want to codify it n systems, sociologists want to balance power with it, psychologists want to develop minds because of it, human resource managers want to calculate an ROI on it, and training and development officers want to make sure that they can build it .Intellectual capital is knowledge that can be exploited for some money-making or other useful purpose. The term combines the idea of the intellect or brain-power with the economic concept of capital, the saving of entitled benefits so that they can be invested in producing more goods and services.Intellectual capital can include he skills and knowledge that a company has developed about how to make its goods or services; individual employees or groups of employees whose knowledge is deemed critical to a company's continued success; and its aggregation of documents about processes, customers, research results, and other information that might have value for a competitor that is not common knowledge Some people mistake intellectual capital for nerds in a think-tank.Others confuse it with intellectual property (such as copyrights, patents and the like), which is actually merely a subset of intel lectual capital. To get a better sense of where the companies are heading to, we need to have a basic understanding of where they started and what forces are propelling change today. And then we need to keep our vision set on the path ahead. Although it has been around forever, intellectual capital was not identified as a key asset until a few years ago.In 1994, fortune carried several stories about intellectual capital (brainpower) based on pioneering efforts going on then in both the United States and Scandinavia. These articles helped generate awareness of intellectual capital in the mainstream of U. S. Business. Little by little several companies become interested on this topic and from all of them the representative is Canadians – the largest insurance company in Sweden – which, with the help of the first director of intellectual capital in the world, Life Dividends, developed a dynamic model and holistic reporting intellectual capital called Navigator.Under this model, intellectual capital was divided into human capital and structural capital as in the below diagram : The components of intellectual capital are defined as follows: ; Human Capital The stock of competences, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. It is the attributes gained by a worker through education and experience . Many early economic theories refer to it simply as workforce, one of three factors of production, and consider it to be a fungible resource homogeneous and easily interchangeable.Other conceptions of labor dispense with these assumptions. ; Structural Capital: Knowledge means that remain in the organization when human capital is not taken into account. Is the knowledge that remains in the organization when people â€Å"go home†. The structural capital includes organizational capital and market capital. Unlike human capital, it may be subject to trade. ; Commercial Capital: It is the v alue resulting from the relations between the company and its customers. Organizational Capital: It includes the capacity of the organization under the form of hardware, software, databases, organizational structures, patents, trademarks and any other capacity of the organization that helps individuals sizing productivity by transmission and exchange of knowledge. ; Process Capital: It is represented by processes, activities and infrastructures used to create, exchange and transmission of knowledge that helps individuals sizing productivity of an organization. Innovative Capital This component of the intellectual capital reflects the ability of an organization and the current investments for business development: research and development, patents, trademarks. Between these components, the most important is represented by human capital. 4. Human Capital Basically, human capital is divided into educational capital (skills acquired by individuals in the training school, but outside it) and biological capital (physical abilities of individuals, summarized, usually by health condition).This type of capital caused difficulties because the experts did not know how to treat it: as an investment or cost. In general, it has been imposed the treatment of human capital as an investment because the abilities of human capital can be used practically any time, depending on the social and economic environment in which individuals can development (refresher courses or continuing education, for example) or maintain the capital stock (regular medical consultations, for example) . 5. Effects upon economyIn order to understand the effect the intellectual capital has upon economy let's take the example of an English relatively large company which was expected to raise some 2. Ban [pound sterling]. Although valued about six-times larger than Body Shop and significantly bigger than Dioxins (a British electrical retail giant), the company had no retail outlets, no factories, no physic al products and few staff. The business was altogether weightless. Its products could be reduced to a number of computer signals which could be flashed around the world for hundreds of millions of people to buy.It was a classic example of intellectual capital, an idea. Called Formula One, it was owned by Bernie Collections. The reason the idea was so valuable was that it regularly attracted about mm ABACI viewers worldwide. But intellectual capital is not only big ideas like Formula One. It is also millions of relatively small innovations which contribute to wealth and economic growth. Such capital will provide the future wealth of nations because international trade will increasingly be in intellectual capital.Alan Greenshank, chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board, recently pointed out that the weight of US output is now only little higher than it was a century ago but its value in real terms is 20 times higher. Although increased skills and a shift to service industries are par t of the story, much of the weightless portion of this trade can be defined as intellectual capital. Specialists sustain that future wealth creation and economic growth predominantly will depend on intellectual capital the generation of ideas which can be transformed into revenues..The element discussed is implicated in recent economic, managerial, technological, and sociological developments in a manner previously unknown and largely unforeseen. Whether these developments are viewed through the filter of the information society, the knowledge-based economy, the network society, or innovation, there is much to support the assertion that ICC is instrumental in the determination of enterprise value and national economic performance To suggest that prosperity no longer depends on building physical capital is not new.Indeed, much of the value of large knowledge-intensive corporations already stems from their patents – which are potential intellectual capital viewed as economic go ods. The importance of intellectual capital has been ender-emphasizes in business education. Once the necessary clarifications on the notion of intellectual capital have been made , it is necessary to emphasize the connection between it and the strategy of the organization. An important note is that the availability of some resources is vital to achieving the strategic goals of the organization.Briefly economists sustain that the strategy defines what kind of intellectual capital is required and the nature of intellectual capital defines successful directions of the strategy that the organization should take. Moreover it has to be mentioned that the advantage. This is why when it is released a strategy, it is important to know what valuable resources of intellectual capital are available, which are currently used, which are potential uses . 6.Uses of intellectual capital Intellectual capital is used: -to facilitate the formulation of strategy; -to assess strategy execution; -to assi st in formulating decisions for diversification or expansion of the company; -to be used as the basis for compensation; -to be communicated to external shareholders In conclusion properly managed, intellectual assets can reduce costs, place inventories with information, eliminate the need for expensive physical plant and improve corporate agility.

Free Essays on Photgraphy

Photography Hot Tips Through the exact centre of the frame†. It’s fine to know the rules, but it’s also essential to break them. Strictly adhering to the rules may ensure mediocre photographs. Top It’s easy to find rules about photography: â€Å"Keep the sun over your shoulder† or â€Å"Shoot only at sunrise and sunset† or â€Å"Shoot only around noon† or â€Å"Never let the horizon run photographers break the rules as often as they keep them. Photography should be spontaneous, alive, and exuberant. If it works visually, do it. Wildlife photography: Do not be content to simply show what an animal looks like - to just create its portrait. A good wildlife photograph should also show significant behavior. You must learn to anticipate the animal’s behaviour in specific situations and know the importance of different types of behaviour. Photographs of people: In photojournalism you should leave viewers feeling that they know the subjects - not only what they look like, but also how they live, what their attitudes are. Photograph people being active, rather than merely posing, and take enough time to put the subject at ease. Capturing the scene: Aim to capture the soul of the place as well as its physical appearance. The viewer should feel shat it’s like to walk down a particular street or view a landscape that you’ve shot. Time is again a crucial element. You must first experience a location’s moods - light, weather, smells - before you can convey them through photographs... Free Essays on Photgraphy Free Essays on Photgraphy Photography Hot Tips Through the exact centre of the frame†. It’s fine to know the rules, but it’s also essential to break them. Strictly adhering to the rules may ensure mediocre photographs. Top It’s easy to find rules about photography: â€Å"Keep the sun over your shoulder† or â€Å"Shoot only at sunrise and sunset† or â€Å"Shoot only around noon† or â€Å"Never let the horizon run photographers break the rules as often as they keep them. Photography should be spontaneous, alive, and exuberant. If it works visually, do it. Wildlife photography: Do not be content to simply show what an animal looks like - to just create its portrait. A good wildlife photograph should also show significant behavior. You must learn to anticipate the animal’s behaviour in specific situations and know the importance of different types of behaviour. Photographs of people: In photojournalism you should leave viewers feeling that they know the subjects - not only what they look like, but also how they live, what their attitudes are. Photograph people being active, rather than merely posing, and take enough time to put the subject at ease. Capturing the scene: Aim to capture the soul of the place as well as its physical appearance. The viewer should feel shat it’s like to walk down a particular street or view a landscape that you’ve shot. Time is again a crucial element. You must first experience a location’s moods - light, weather, smells - before you can convey them through photographs...

How Video Games contribute to youth Violence

How Video Games contribute to youth Violence Over fifty years ago, a nuclear physicist named William Higinbotham sought to better the otherwise rigid and non-interactive science exhibits at the time by adding to the list of activities, his creation of the game ‘Tennis for two’ which was an electronic tennis game with separate controllers. Unaware of his contribution, William Higinotham today is acknowledged as the founding father or the fore-runner of video games that only recently accounted for 9.5 billion dollars in sales in 2006 and 2007 in the United States alone (qtd. in Gettler 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Video Games contribute to youth Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just as Higinbotham had imagined, video games were meant to simply entertain and elevate ones mood by offering an alternative fictitious ‘reality’ to the player. However, recent statistics indicate that video games have been used for more than entertainment purposes- with a good number of today’s researchers pointing to the negative issues and events that have risen from these videogames. A good example of the above assertions is the case of Lamar Roberts, age 17 and Heather Trujillo aged 16 who are alleged to having been imitating the fighting moves of the game ‘Mortal Combat’ when they beat a seven year old girl to death in 2007 (Chalk 1). A similar example is that of Kendall Anderson, a 16 year old who bludgeoned his mother to death in her sleep with a claw hammer after she took away his PlayStation in 2010 (Henry 1). The violence and aggression that stains the youth of today, as a result of these video games, is unquestionably a cancer that ought to be uprooted or at least contained by parents, school leaders, governments and other opinion leaders mandated with the responsibility of taking care of these children and the forms of entertainments present today- especially with regards to video games. This paper goes to highlight violent video games as a contributing factor to youth violence. According to the General Aggression Model (as reported by Anderson Bushman) â€Å"the enactment of aggression is largely based on the learning, activation, and application of aggression-related knowledge structures stored in memory.† They go on to simplify this model by categorizing it into two stages, namely the situational input such as exposure to violent video games in this case and priming aggressive cognition which reflects the impact on the person’s present internal state as influenced aggressive behavior. This model supports the claim that aggression can be stimulated and learned from the exposure of various situational variables. They â€Å"teach observers how to aggress by creating an aggressive state.† Experimental studies based on meta-analytical procedures found that across the 33 independent tests focused on the relation between video game violence and agg ression, there was a definite association of high video game violence and heightened aggression (Anderson and Bushman 357). Violent video games teach the youth that violence is an acceptable conflict strategy. Anderson and Bushman stipulate that the long term effects of playing these violent games, involve a learning process. Human beings generally learn from their day to day experiences and involvement with other people whether real or imagined (such as the characters in video games).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The exposure to these violent video games influences how we respond. This response after some time is scripted into our actions (356). Every game stage then becomes a learning trial, rehearsed over and over resulting to impulsive actions thereafter. Violent video games are often designed to have two adversarial opponents who deal with their enmity through fighti ng and killing each other. A case illustration of this claim would be Alejandro Gracia, 22 years old from Texas now serving a 15 to 30 years sentence after pleading guilty for murder when he shot dead his cousin after arguing over whose turn it was to play the game ‘Scareface: The World is Yours’ in 2007 (Fahey 1). In addition, video games desensitize players to real life violence thus making violent acts look normal or pardonable when in reality, it is the exact opposite. These games depict people as targets instead of simply human beings. They paint them to be deserving of death. It is possible for this fantasy universe to spill into reality. To support this claim I quote Lieutenant colonel David Grossman, retired from the U.S Army, who said: Video games give you the skill and will to kill. They teach you to associate pleasure with human death and suffering. They award you for killing†¦.It is extra ordinary difficult for a human being to kill a member of his own species. They have to be manipulated into it†¦.The marine core uses the game ‘Doom’ as a training device†¦. The marine core uses it to script killing in their soldiers†¦.. We must think very very (sic) carefully about who we provide this operant conditioning to and if we provide it indiscriminately to children in America it is the moral equivalent of putting a military weapon in the hand of every child in America (Huntenman,film). According to McCauley and Zillmann (qtd. in Goldstein 276) violence can be socially acceptable as long it has a moral story where good wins over evil. Video games industries claim this requirement with pride perhaps inconspicuously elevating their importance in inculcating socially acceptable morals. In the real world however crimes such as assault are morally looked down upon and unacceptable but in video games, assault may be what will result to a winning round. These conflicting expectations of reality and video games when im posed on young people may result to confusion and in worst cases the pursuit of the wrong goal (such as assault) out side of the fantasy world. Further more, the perception of evil and good despite its moral implications can be relative to individuals thus rendering the promotion of violence to be harmful than it is morally acceptable. Playing violent video games, just like listening to soothing music or watching a sad movie bears an effect on people. That much researchers and their critics can agree upon. The disclaimer comes in when creators and marketers of the video games industry typically deny any harmful effects on their consumers. The fact is the video game industry is a business like any other seeking to profit from its products thus it is only natural that they should deny all negative allegations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Video Games contribute to youth Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However the numerous case scenarios, some already mention earlier in this paper suggest that although video games alone are not enough to cause one to murder or intentionally injure another, they are a significant contributing factor to youth violence (Mc. Carthy). Notably conclusions of ambiguity and inconsistency have been drawn from many violent video game research studies. For instance the researchers’ measures of aggression have been largely indirect indicators such as hitting a bobo doll (Schutte, Malouff, Post-Gordon and Rodasta, qtd. in Goldstein 4) or listing aggressive thoughts and feelings (Calvert and Tan, qtd. in Goldstein, 4). Admittedly these measures do not bear the complete and definite potential of contributing to the comprehension of the relationship between violent video games and violent behavior. Other critics have refuted experts idea of violent video games players applying the rules of fictitious worlds to that of reality claiming that â€Å"they car ry cues to its unreality music, sound effects, a fantasy story-line, cartoon-like characters† (Goldstein 3). In fact Burke and Burke as cited by Goldstein who wrote about cartoon on television, still in relation to video games characters say: For us, there has been no greater irritant while researching this book than our repeated encounters with the views of experts†¦, who argue with great confidence that young children simply cannot understand the fictional rules of conflict in cartoons. Our contemporaries have insisted repeatedly that as children, they clearly understood that the ‘violence’ involved when Bugs blows up Yosemite Sam or Wile E. Coyote’s latest Acme device launches him off a cliff takes place within a fictional universe with its own very particular rules. Such violence had little or no relationship with what we understood as violence in our own lives (p.206- 207). In deed there lies some truth in these criticisms; however their claims a re not enough to dispel or explain away the numerous tragedies that have involved violent video games as the cause or precursor of the crimes committed. Perhaps violent video games related crimes are not backlogging the courts systems yet. None the less it would be unwise to wait much longer for overwhelming evidence, possibly in form of lost lives, before society starts to pay attention to this growing problem. Anderson, Craig A., and Bushman, Brad J. â€Å"Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Scientific Literature.† Psychological Scientific Literature 12.5 (2001): 353-359.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chalk, Andy. Teenagers Kill Child in â€Å"Mortal Kombat† Murder. The Escapist, 20 Dec. 2007. Web. Fahey, Mike. Man Pleads Guilty to Killing over Sacrifice: the World is Yours. Kotaku Australia, 7 April 2011. Web. Gettler, Joe. The First Video Game. Brookhaven History. Web. Goldstein, Jeffery. Does Playing Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?. University Of Chicago: Cultural Policy Center, 2001. Web. Henry, David. Teenager Charged with Killing Mom. 6abc News, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. Mc. Carthy, Caroline. Murder Conviction for Teen in ‘Halo’ case. CNET News, 13 Jan. 2009. Web.

M7A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M7A1 - Essay Example Underlying concept of initial investment includes cash outlay, working capital, salvage value and tax implications. The factors that are involved with the initial investment are; purchase price, cash from the sales of old equipment, marginal income tax, increase in working capital, cost of shipping and installation of new equipment. The factors that are involved with the operating cash flows are; sales revenue, cost of production, income before taxes, marginal tax rate, depreciation, increase in working capital. The factors that are involved in terminal cash flow are; decrease in working capital, salvage value, marginal income tax rate. The criteria capital budgeting includes (1) cost of capital, (2) opportunity cost, and break-even point. Cost of capital determines the cost of borrowing to pay for the project. This value set the benchmark for the lowest possible return. This benchmark shows if the investment is worth with compare to other investments. Opportunity cost determines the cost for taking advantage of one option over another. Break-even point determines if the project would contribute to the growth of the company. Break even is the point at which sales equals cost. Break-even point involves determining fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are values that do not depend on production quantity. These costs are like, rent, salary, insurance, etc. Most of the variable costs, are associated with raw material, utility and transportation. Capital budgeting techniques are explicit formulas for analysis of financial values that determine if a company should proceed with the planned investment or not. Some of them are (â€Å" Investment decision – Capital Budgeting† ) Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback methods. All three methods use Operating Cash Flow (OCF) values. The OCF evaluates net cash flow for each year of project operation. The

Poetry books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poetry books - Essay Example The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† employs a number of imageries which centrally focus on the development of the grand-imagery of crucified Christ. This imagery of the crucified body of Christ further conveys a holistic abstraction of Christ’s physical sufferings in exchange for the salvation of humanity. On the contrary, the image of the charter visualizes this grand metaphor through the triadic relationship among â€Å"signs†, â€Å"interpreters† and â€Å"ideas† which those signs are intended to convey to the audiences or readers. The scribe of this image has effectively employed a number of signs of physical sufferings such as five wounds, the nails, the â€Å"scourges of his attackers†, stains of blood, bones and skulls, etc. to conjure up Christ’s sufferings and to convey his pains to the readers. Through these symbols, he has attempted to visualize spatiotemporal settings of Jesus’ crucifixion in the mage, while the poem uses various imageries develop the traditional Christian concepts of humankind’s salvation and liberation through Christ’s suffering on the Holy Cross. Indeed, during the medieval period, it was a literary tradition of referring to Christ’s Last Will in Manuscripts. But some of the charters of Christ had been produced in the form of legal documents. In these charters, the scribes would make sincere effort to convey a sense of legality of the documents to the readers. Therefore, the scribes had to apply a number of techniques in this regard. These techniques include literary-visual binary techniques of presentation of the theme. While presenting the theme of the documents they would attempt to instill the spatiotemporal dimension of their subject matter. Necessarily, they had to assume the persona of Christ in their manuscripts. While Christ’s persona was worked out through linguistic strategy of using the first person perspective in the presentation of th e literary content, images were used to illustrate and visualize Christ’s figure. These pictorial presentations of Christ would more or less commonly uphold him in the posture of delivering sermon to his disciples. In this regard, it can be said that the pictorial presentation of Christ’s persona in the â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† is somewhat different from this tradition. Instead, the scribe of the â€Å"Short Charter† has adapted and elaborated the image of crucified Christ to visualize the theme of the poem. The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ†, had been written as a legal document in which Christ grants humankind the liberation and redemption from sins. This charter has a root in the medieval practice of writing religious documents in parchments. More specifically, this is the imitation of Christ’s Last Will and Testament. In order to work out the spatiotemporal dimension of Christ’s physical sufferings, the scribe has endeavored to convey the sense of Christ’s physical sufferings through the images of the cross, crucified Christ and other elements needed in the process of crucifixion. These symbols and images of crucified Christ nailed on the cross are sufficient enough to work out the realities which Christ himself faced. But in order to validate the legal dimension of the texts, those medieval script-writers would manipulate the imagery of Christ’s skin extended to serve as a parchment on which Christ’

Japanese art influence on Western culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese art influence on Western culture - Essay Example Throughout history, Japanese Art has had a significant influence on Western Culture. The exposure of Japanese to the economic opportunities in the West, and an influx of European philosophies, and culture into Japan have reversed the otherwise classic isolated Japanese artists. The debut of Japanese art and civilization in the West led to the coining of the term â€Å"Japonism,† which recognizes the influences of the Japanese art in the Western society. Genova indicates that Japonism was mainly promoted by the ukiyo-e form of art (453). This paper explores the works of Japanese artists Hosoda Eishi and Ando Hiroshige and their influence on the Western culture. The Snowy Day, Nihon-Bashi (1840-1842) Ando Hiroshige’s Snowy Day, Nihon-Bashi, a woodblock print done in the early 1840s, highly influenced the American culture barely two decades after its production. The art stored in The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, inspired the works of James McNeill Whistler. Skeen avers t hat the American-born artist, based in Britain took after the Japanese, and his art, done in 1862, greatly resembled the former’s work (138). The Japanese art contributed to the development of modern Western architectures, which were reminiscent later in the Industrial Revolution. The Japanese art’s depiction of the boat, rejuvenated the boat construction industry, and enhanced the construction of waterways such as the canals and bridges built in the West in the second-half of the nineteenth century. The River of the Heavenly Dragon (1833-1834) The Japanese art is a woodblock print that greatly influenced the widespread use of small water vessels in Europe and America. Whistler’s The Punt (1861) is a replica of the small boat that was made in the likeness of the Japanese art’s impression of the vessel. The Hiroshige art influenced the growth of canoeing activities at the coast of most Western countries during the second-half of the 1800. The Punt substant ially enhanced paddling activities on the West’s coastal waters in as much the same way as the Chinese dragon did in early 1800s, though the Westerners eventually turned it into sport. The Geisha Itsutomi of Hosoda Eishi (late 1700 to early 1800) The Geisha Itsutomi of Hosoda Eishi is believed to have had a significant influence on the Western culture of dressing in lengthy frock. Replicated in James Whistler’s â€Å"The Princess in the Land of Porcelain† (1863-1864), Itsutomi’s tall, slim, and an attractive upright posture of a beautiful woman clutching a shamisen plectrum, was a unique attribute of a moral woman of the ancient Japanese society. The clear portrayal of the art in a limited palette, with a plain background appears to mirror the essence of an art that advocates woman decency in the early Western society. According to Skeen, most of the cities were grappling with the problem of immorality caused by the high rate of joblessness (138). In ligh t of this, the Japanese art rejuvenated the culture of conservatism and human simplicity in the wake of radical economic transformations in the West. Kawaguchi (1857) Fourth, Ando Hiroshige’s woodblock print referred to as the Kawaguchi (1857), influenced the Western culture, and most likely contributed to the design of James McNeill Whistler’s Nocturne: Blue and Silver - Chelsea (1871). The Japanese art depicts an attractive scene of the landscape, viewed from an aerial perspective. The art influenced the Western society’s efforts to conserve natural resources, as the impending Industrial Revolution of the late 1800s threatened the existence such beautiful scenes (Skeen 138). The Hiroshige print, also captures the workers paddling their vessels up the river with logs towards the milling point. These human activities were later typical of the economic activities of the West, a few decades later. The West eventually embarked on proper exploitation of the rich for est resources for use in the paper industries, building and construction and

Assessment and Feedback Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Feedback Essay Many of my lessons involve embedding literacy into a topic so it is more meaningful for the learners. There are various ways of assessing work which are used. One method that is used is initial assessment, where the learners at the beginning of their induction into our pre-16 program do an online BSKB initial assessment in Maths, English and ICT. This is to ensure that the learner is at the right level of learning. These tests are formative and convergent where choices of multiple choice questions give indications of gaps in the learner’s knowledge. Once the learner has  completed an initial assessment they are then given the diagnostic BSKB assessment to see what subject strengths and weaknesses they have. These learners tend not to have attended much school therefore it is difficult to assess the work they produce as very often little or no work is achieved. Assessment is about making a judgment to make sure that learning is taking place. It is about identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the learner so that the learner is progressing with the work that is set. Assessment in all forms that involve making a judgment and it includes an element of subjectivity by me. It should be objective, fair and transparent. It plays an important role in the education process as it determines the work students undertake and affects their approach to learning. There are varying degrees of assessment that are designed primarily to serve the purposes of accountability, or of ranking, or of certifying competence. However, an assessment activity can help learning if it provides information that I can use and can give students feedback. Feedback can be used to modify teaching and learning activities in which the learners are engaged in. Such assessment becomes formative when  the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching work to meet learning needs. Much of what teachers and learners do in the classroom is assessment based. Tasks and questions prompt learners to demonstrate their knowledge, understanding and skills. How the learners respond and interpret this can give indications of how their learning can be improved. Verbal feedback and discussion tends to be the main method that I use where opinions can be discussed and attainment of knowledge can be assessed during lessons. This is classed as affective learning where topics can gain an emotional response or a tone of interest/values that the  learner may have prior knowledge or experience. These types of responses are 1 usually focused on the learner’s feelings, and they are often difficult to measure in quantifiable terms. However, in my classroom, I want the learners to feel that their work is valued and that the effort has been worthwhile. During lessons, informal assessment is the preferred choice for me and my pre-16 colleague as students are wary of tests or exams. The reason for this maybe the learner’s previous experience of learning or the fact that they feel vulnerable when the word test, exam or assessment occurs within the learning environment. Informal assessment is easily incorporated into classroom routines and learning activities. It can be used at any time without interfering with teaching. The results give indication of the learner’s performance on the skill or subject of interest. However, it is not intended to give a broader view of the learner’s ability apart from the lesson that took place. This is not to say that informal assessment is spontaneous or absent from accuracy. Formal tests assume a single set of expectations for all students and come with prescribed criteria for scoring and interpretation. Informal assessment, on  the other hand, requires a clear understanding of the levels of ability the students bring with them. Only then may assessment activities be selected that students can attempt reasonably. Measuring the validity and reliability of informal assessments is achieved by expected goals and objectives outcomes. Once the work is completed, I assess the knowledge that the learners have gained by their attempted completion of the tasks. Scoring procedures can be used to measure progress and achievement in content areas and literacy skills can be measured by oral, reading and written work. Reliability is a statistical measure of which we can trust the results of a given writing test. Reliability estimations and their interpretations will vary according to particular assessment contexts and purposes. In real practice, high score reliability is indeed necessary and feasible in large-scale assessment, where the actual tests are the main source of interpretable information. In more local contexts (e. g. classrooms), reliability measurements are to a great extent unfeasible and, simultaneously, other sources for qualitative evaluation are available. The work that the learners produced enabled me to assess their level of  understanding and also their literacy progress. Feedback was given in written format on the activity worksheet, to identify strengths and weaknesses of each individual 2 learner. All the learners attempted the worksheet and I gave feedback in the format of Petty (2004) medals and missions. Medals (sometimes called positive reinforcement) are given when the learner has done something well, such as spellings or written something in their own words although most of the learners just wrote down what was on the computer screen. This was what I commented on as missions where the learners need to improve, correct or work upon. Written tasks, alongside oral questioning, should encourage students to develop and show understanding of the key features of what they have learned. Opportunities are given during lessons for the learners to respond to comments made about their work and advice is given on what areas they are struggling on. The key point to feedback is for it to be effective and for the learners to think about the good and bad points in their work and that clear goals can be achieved. The negative aspect of feedback for disaffected learners is that low self-esteem influences their reaction to feedback. Building self-esteem and confidence is one of the main aspects in my classroom. Low self-esteem can knock confidence and ability and their previous experiences of learning can have a considerable impact on their academic ability. In this environment learners are in a vulnerable position and in some cases their low esteem can be forgotten by teachers due to distractions and challenging behaviour. The comments I make have to be sensitive and constructive so that the comments do not impact on the learner’s self-esteem and confidence. The comments are to be constructive and build on their learning capabilities. When I  ask the learners whether or not they understood the feedback given regarding their work, the learners give the appearance that they are not bothered about the feedback or acted disinterested. Students find the feedback messages hard to understand and complex in their meaning especially in the written form. However, when feedback is used as dialogue within the lesson it provides opportunities for feedback and feedforward. This is a good scenario as the learner responds to initial feedback with their opinions. This gives the chance for the teacher to help the learners develop their understanding and has an instant response in correcting  misunderstandings. Although, the response to verbal feedback regarding the learners knowledge, skills and understanding is feasible in the classroom, further development of feedback and feedforward is required so that the student can improve and grow in their 3 understanding of the subject and true learning has taken place. When I assess a learner this has an impact on my teaching. The feedback I get from the students gives me the opportunity to reflect on my practices and adjust accordingly so that the learners are engaged, focused and completing the tasks given during lessons. However, learners’ indifference to learning and feedback can cloud my judgement about what I am doing right or wrong. In my sessions I need to develop the dual narrative where the learners work together as a group but also there are one to one opportunities. This would work towards full differentiation where students are working independently but within a whole group setting. This has been difficult to achieve yet it is possible; progress has been made with the learners providing work that can be assessed verbally or written. However, it has taken six months to gain  trust, confidence and self-esteem of the learners to provide any work at all. Nonetheless, with a longer time restraint development of feedback and feedforward can be achieved. The learners need to see feedback as a reflection on their work not that it’s personal to them, the problem these learners face is to understand what feedback is and what its intentions are. The trouble is that once the disaffected learners arrive at Rathbone they already feel that school as failed them therefore feel disengaged with the learning environment. This can be a contributing factor to the way they feel towards assessments. The attitude towards motivating and engaging the learners towards learning objectives is a more social context. Therefore, the attitude of Rathbone and its staff is to gain confidence, trust and self-esteem so that learning is more enjoyable to them. This then becomes a platform for the learners to want to learn post 16. As their teacher, the environment is complex and challenging however I feel that the learners are starting to become aware of what is required of them in the classroom. This means that I am doing something right and that my assessments, judgement and feedback are starting to be acknowledged.