Japanese art influence on Western culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese art influence on Western culture - Essay Example Throughout history, Japanese Art has had a significant influence on Western Culture. The exposure of Japanese to the economic opportunities in the West, and an influx of European philosophies, and culture into Japan have reversed the otherwise classic isolated Japanese artists. The debut of Japanese art and civilization in the West led to the coining of the term â€Å"Japonism,† which recognizes the influences of the Japanese art in the Western society. Genova indicates that Japonism was mainly promoted by the ukiyo-e form of art (453). This paper explores the works of Japanese artists Hosoda Eishi and Ando Hiroshige and their influence on the Western culture. The Snowy Day, Nihon-Bashi (1840-1842) Ando Hiroshige’s Snowy Day, Nihon-Bashi, a woodblock print done in the early 1840s, highly influenced the American culture barely two decades after its production. The art stored in The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, inspired the works of James McNeill Whistler. Skeen avers t hat the American-born artist, based in Britain took after the Japanese, and his art, done in 1862, greatly resembled the former’s work (138). The Japanese art contributed to the development of modern Western architectures, which were reminiscent later in the Industrial Revolution. The Japanese art’s depiction of the boat, rejuvenated the boat construction industry, and enhanced the construction of waterways such as the canals and bridges built in the West in the second-half of the nineteenth century. The River of the Heavenly Dragon (1833-1834) The Japanese art is a woodblock print that greatly influenced the widespread use of small water vessels in Europe and America. Whistler’s The Punt (1861) is a replica of the small boat that was made in the likeness of the Japanese art’s impression of the vessel. The Hiroshige art influenced the growth of canoeing activities at the coast of most Western countries during the second-half of the 1800. The Punt substant ially enhanced paddling activities on the West’s coastal waters in as much the same way as the Chinese dragon did in early 1800s, though the Westerners eventually turned it into sport. The Geisha Itsutomi of Hosoda Eishi (late 1700 to early 1800) The Geisha Itsutomi of Hosoda Eishi is believed to have had a significant influence on the Western culture of dressing in lengthy frock. Replicated in James Whistler’s â€Å"The Princess in the Land of Porcelain† (1863-1864), Itsutomi’s tall, slim, and an attractive upright posture of a beautiful woman clutching a shamisen plectrum, was a unique attribute of a moral woman of the ancient Japanese society. The clear portrayal of the art in a limited palette, with a plain background appears to mirror the essence of an art that advocates woman decency in the early Western society. According to Skeen, most of the cities were grappling with the problem of immorality caused by the high rate of joblessness (138). In ligh t of this, the Japanese art rejuvenated the culture of conservatism and human simplicity in the wake of radical economic transformations in the West. Kawaguchi (1857) Fourth, Ando Hiroshige’s woodblock print referred to as the Kawaguchi (1857), influenced the Western culture, and most likely contributed to the design of James McNeill Whistler’s Nocturne: Blue and Silver - Chelsea (1871). The Japanese art depicts an attractive scene of the landscape, viewed from an aerial perspective. The art influenced the Western society’s efforts to conserve natural resources, as the impending Industrial Revolution of the late 1800s threatened the existence such beautiful scenes (Skeen 138). The Hiroshige print, also captures the workers paddling their vessels up the river with logs towards the milling point. These human activities were later typical of the economic activities of the West, a few decades later. The West eventually embarked on proper exploitation of the rich for est resources for use in the paper industries, building and construction and

Assessment and Feedback Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Feedback Essay Many of my lessons involve embedding literacy into a topic so it is more meaningful for the learners. There are various ways of assessing work which are used. One method that is used is initial assessment, where the learners at the beginning of their induction into our pre-16 program do an online BSKB initial assessment in Maths, English and ICT. This is to ensure that the learner is at the right level of learning. These tests are formative and convergent where choices of multiple choice questions give indications of gaps in the learner’s knowledge. Once the learner has  completed an initial assessment they are then given the diagnostic BSKB assessment to see what subject strengths and weaknesses they have. These learners tend not to have attended much school therefore it is difficult to assess the work they produce as very often little or no work is achieved. Assessment is about making a judgment to make sure that learning is taking place. It is about identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the learner so that the learner is progressing with the work that is set. Assessment in all forms that involve making a judgment and it includes an element of subjectivity by me. It should be objective, fair and transparent. It plays an important role in the education process as it determines the work students undertake and affects their approach to learning. There are varying degrees of assessment that are designed primarily to serve the purposes of accountability, or of ranking, or of certifying competence. However, an assessment activity can help learning if it provides information that I can use and can give students feedback. Feedback can be used to modify teaching and learning activities in which the learners are engaged in. Such assessment becomes formative when  the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching work to meet learning needs. Much of what teachers and learners do in the classroom is assessment based. Tasks and questions prompt learners to demonstrate their knowledge, understanding and skills. How the learners respond and interpret this can give indications of how their learning can be improved. Verbal feedback and discussion tends to be the main method that I use where opinions can be discussed and attainment of knowledge can be assessed during lessons. This is classed as affective learning where topics can gain an emotional response or a tone of interest/values that the  learner may have prior knowledge or experience. These types of responses are 1 usually focused on the learner’s feelings, and they are often difficult to measure in quantifiable terms. However, in my classroom, I want the learners to feel that their work is valued and that the effort has been worthwhile. During lessons, informal assessment is the preferred choice for me and my pre-16 colleague as students are wary of tests or exams. The reason for this maybe the learner’s previous experience of learning or the fact that they feel vulnerable when the word test, exam or assessment occurs within the learning environment. Informal assessment is easily incorporated into classroom routines and learning activities. It can be used at any time without interfering with teaching. The results give indication of the learner’s performance on the skill or subject of interest. However, it is not intended to give a broader view of the learner’s ability apart from the lesson that took place. This is not to say that informal assessment is spontaneous or absent from accuracy. Formal tests assume a single set of expectations for all students and come with prescribed criteria for scoring and interpretation. Informal assessment, on  the other hand, requires a clear understanding of the levels of ability the students bring with them. Only then may assessment activities be selected that students can attempt reasonably. Measuring the validity and reliability of informal assessments is achieved by expected goals and objectives outcomes. Once the work is completed, I assess the knowledge that the learners have gained by their attempted completion of the tasks. Scoring procedures can be used to measure progress and achievement in content areas and literacy skills can be measured by oral, reading and written work. Reliability is a statistical measure of which we can trust the results of a given writing test. Reliability estimations and their interpretations will vary according to particular assessment contexts and purposes. In real practice, high score reliability is indeed necessary and feasible in large-scale assessment, where the actual tests are the main source of interpretable information. In more local contexts (e. g. classrooms), reliability measurements are to a great extent unfeasible and, simultaneously, other sources for qualitative evaluation are available. The work that the learners produced enabled me to assess their level of  understanding and also their literacy progress. Feedback was given in written format on the activity worksheet, to identify strengths and weaknesses of each individual 2 learner. All the learners attempted the worksheet and I gave feedback in the format of Petty (2004) medals and missions. Medals (sometimes called positive reinforcement) are given when the learner has done something well, such as spellings or written something in their own words although most of the learners just wrote down what was on the computer screen. This was what I commented on as missions where the learners need to improve, correct or work upon. Written tasks, alongside oral questioning, should encourage students to develop and show understanding of the key features of what they have learned. Opportunities are given during lessons for the learners to respond to comments made about their work and advice is given on what areas they are struggling on. The key point to feedback is for it to be effective and for the learners to think about the good and bad points in their work and that clear goals can be achieved. The negative aspect of feedback for disaffected learners is that low self-esteem influences their reaction to feedback. Building self-esteem and confidence is one of the main aspects in my classroom. Low self-esteem can knock confidence and ability and their previous experiences of learning can have a considerable impact on their academic ability. In this environment learners are in a vulnerable position and in some cases their low esteem can be forgotten by teachers due to distractions and challenging behaviour. The comments I make have to be sensitive and constructive so that the comments do not impact on the learner’s self-esteem and confidence. The comments are to be constructive and build on their learning capabilities. When I  ask the learners whether or not they understood the feedback given regarding their work, the learners give the appearance that they are not bothered about the feedback or acted disinterested. Students find the feedback messages hard to understand and complex in their meaning especially in the written form. However, when feedback is used as dialogue within the lesson it provides opportunities for feedback and feedforward. This is a good scenario as the learner responds to initial feedback with their opinions. This gives the chance for the teacher to help the learners develop their understanding and has an instant response in correcting  misunderstandings. Although, the response to verbal feedback regarding the learners knowledge, skills and understanding is feasible in the classroom, further development of feedback and feedforward is required so that the student can improve and grow in their 3 understanding of the subject and true learning has taken place. When I assess a learner this has an impact on my teaching. The feedback I get from the students gives me the opportunity to reflect on my practices and adjust accordingly so that the learners are engaged, focused and completing the tasks given during lessons. However, learners’ indifference to learning and feedback can cloud my judgement about what I am doing right or wrong. In my sessions I need to develop the dual narrative where the learners work together as a group but also there are one to one opportunities. This would work towards full differentiation where students are working independently but within a whole group setting. This has been difficult to achieve yet it is possible; progress has been made with the learners providing work that can be assessed verbally or written. However, it has taken six months to gain  trust, confidence and self-esteem of the learners to provide any work at all. Nonetheless, with a longer time restraint development of feedback and feedforward can be achieved. The learners need to see feedback as a reflection on their work not that it’s personal to them, the problem these learners face is to understand what feedback is and what its intentions are. The trouble is that once the disaffected learners arrive at Rathbone they already feel that school as failed them therefore feel disengaged with the learning environment. This can be a contributing factor to the way they feel towards assessments. The attitude towards motivating and engaging the learners towards learning objectives is a more social context. Therefore, the attitude of Rathbone and its staff is to gain confidence, trust and self-esteem so that learning is more enjoyable to them. This then becomes a platform for the learners to want to learn post 16. As their teacher, the environment is complex and challenging however I feel that the learners are starting to become aware of what is required of them in the classroom. This means that I am doing something right and that my assessments, judgement and feedback are starting to be acknowledged.

Comparing Destruction in Rocking Horse Winner and Scarlet Ibis :: comparison compare contrast essays

Seeds of Destruction in Rocking Horse Winner and Scarlet Ibis Family relationships can, in many cases, bear the "seeds of destruction" that lead to the downfall of other family members. This is evident in Paul's relationship with his mother in "The Rocking Horse Winner" by D. H. Lawrence, and in Doodle's relationship with his brother in the short story "The Scarlet Ibis" by James Hurst. Both Paul and Doodle are controlled by a relationship within their family that pushes them too hard, causing their deaths. Doodle is controlled by his brother with fear on several separate occasions. When they were younger, Brother took Doodle into the barn loft and showed him the coffin they had made, expecting him to die as a baby. Doodle becomes extremely frightened, and doesn't want to touch the coffin. Brother makes him touch it, by threatening to leave him alone if he doesn't. In response to the threat, Doodle cries, "Don't leave me, Brother," (p 3) and touching the casket, screams. Brother uses fear to control his younger brother, forcing him to do cruel things. In the other story, Paul also is controlled in family relationships. His mother puts great strain on him by being financially irresponsible, and living beyond their means. Paul feels the strain, and is influenced by it to take the pressure away. Also, Paul's mother did not love him. This is a controlling factor because he works extra hard to gain her love. The family relationships with both Doodle and Paul also push them beyond their limits. Doodle is forced to learn to walk through Brother's determination. "Shut up, I'm not going to hurt you. I'm going to teach you to walk," his brother has said before heaving him up to try again. Brother's pride pushes Doodle to be like the other children, causing them to set unattainable goals of rowing, climbing, and swimming. Doodle is stretched to exhaustion through these exertions.

Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester E

Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester. He lived from 1840-1928 most of what he wrote is set in Dorset and the neighboring countries. He gave these the fictional name Wessex. He wrote 17 novels which one was unpublished. And around a thousand poems the melancholy hussar and the withered arm are both from the Wessex tails book. He lived on the edge of a tract of a wild heath land, which was very isolated this may have resulted in his stories being set out in the country or being isolated. Or even ending happy in the melancholy hussar or the withered arm. The social class issues, these would stop a lower class person marrying a higher-class person it was seen as a very big thing back then, there-for Dr.grove wants Humphrey to marry Phyllis, and in the withered arm Rhoda could marry farmer lodge but he does not want to as it is seen as a disgrace. Also the stigma of being an unmarried mother is tough for Rhoda and her son. Farmer lodge does not even acknowledge him wh...

History Of The Spanish Inquisition Of The 15th Century Essay

The Spanish Inquisition is usually synonymous with persecution, brutality and tyranny; and it is thought to be the forerunner of the covert regulatory bodies of contemporary autocracies. Yet how accurate is this picture of an establishment set up in the late 15th century to route out deviation and agnosticism in that land? This report aims to place the Spanish Inquisition in its correct historical context. BACKGROUND The conception of inquisitions to eliminate religious heretics was not new when, in 1478, Pope Sixtus IV sanctioned the formation of Spanish Inquisition. The monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, decided to establish a body (which began its work in 1480) chiefly to deal with the issue of the huge numbers of converted Jews (Conversos) who were alleged of continuing to carry out tenants of the Jewish religion after apparent conversion to Catholicism. Following the formal expulsion of all non-converted Jews from Spain in 1492, the problem of the Conversos increased. The roots of the Spanish Inquisition can therefore be traced quite clearly back to anti-Semitism. In 1518, the Inquisition became a permanently unified body under one head, the Inquisitor-General . Tomas de Torquemada was appointed by the Monarchs as Grand Inquisitor of the Inquisition. The Catholic Church, under the rule of the pope in Rome was a powerful force in Europe during the Middle ages. The decrees of the church provided the basis of law and order. Christians who disagreed with catholic principles were regarded as heretics, and heresy was considered an crime against the church and the state. The â€Å"inquiries† into a person’s faith to determine whether or not one was a heretic, was branded as the inquisition, with the inquisitors being priests or bishops who subjected a suspect to long grilling followed by terrible tortures. Death by fire was often the punishment of those who did not repent. The heretic’s property was then claimed by the church. Between 1478 and 1502, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon took three complementary decisions. They persuaded the pope to create the Inquisition; they expelled the Jews; and they forced the Muslims of the kingdom of Castile to convert to Catholicism. All these measures were designed to achieve the same end: the establishment of a united faith. The Christian, Muslims and Jewish communities existed tolerantly throughout the first centuries of Muslim domination and continued to do so in the Christian Spain of the 12th and 13th century. Tolerance presupposed an absence of discrimination against minorities and respect for the point of view of others. This tolerance was nowhere to be found in the Iberia of the 8th century to the 15th. Spanish archdeacon named Ferran Martinez was busy delivering a sequence of sermons in the diocese of Seville. It was his remarkable eloquence rather than the novelty of his subject which attracted an audience: for he spoke only on a single theme, one that in every age has provided an easy stalking horse for demagogues religious and civil- the iniquities of the Jews. Their veins had venom that poisoned whatever contribution they made. The Jews, he argued, had been guilty, as a body, of the greatest crime in history. They adhered to a faith that had been rejected in no uncertain manner by the Deity. Their ceremonies were outmoded and impious, rendered those who performed them capable of the most heinous misdoings and doomed them to eternal punishment in the hereafter . ORIGIN AND AIMS Jews weren’t newcomers in Spain. They had been settled there since the 1st century. Documentary and archaeological evidence demonstrates their numbers at the beginning of the fourth century, long before the coming of the Arabs or the Visigoths. The latter had persecuted them, but under the moors they had flourished as nowhere else in Europe. They were an important and influential minority. Every Spanish city had its prosperous juderia, or Jewish quarter, comprised of craftsmen and weavers, goldsmiths and carpenters . The Jews had been expelled from England in 1290 by Edward I En masse. His example had been followed in France sixteen later, by Philip the Fair. The Spanish Jews considered themselves secure from anything of the sort. The activities of Martinez disturbed them but didn’t alarm them. Month after month passed without any untoward occurrence. They fell into the error of imagining that nothing would happen. It came as a shock to them when at the close of 1390, just before Christmastide, Martinez succeeded in having some synagogues in the diocese partially destroyed and closed down, on the plea that they had been built without authorization. The community, alarmed, applied for protection to the council of regency then governing Castile in the name of the young king Henry III, which ordered steps to be taken for the protection of the petitioners. Martinez was defiant, however, and his sermons were as violent as ever. On Wednesday, March 15th, 1391 his harangue was particularly effective, and his audience was roused to a high pitch of frenzy. On its way from the church, a turbulent crowd, thirsting with zeal and greed, surged towards the Jewish quarter, which seemed to be in imminent danger of sack. The civil authorities were at last awakened to the necessity of stern measures. Seizing two of the most turbulent members of the mob, they had them flogged, turned them into martyrs overnight. After some further disturbances, order was outwardly restored: but the spirit of unrest still simmered and Martinez continued his unbridled invective from the pulpit. These seemingly unimportant disorders are to be traced some of the greatest tragedies in history – the darkest page in the dark record of the Jewish people, one of the saddest episodes in the history of human thought, and the ultimate decline of sprain from the high status to which her achievements and her genius entitled her – everything, in a word, which is associated with the term, â€Å"the Spanish Inquisition†. On June 6th, a storm broke out. An infuriated mob rushed upon the juderia of Seville and put it to sack. An orgy of carnage raged the city. The dead were numbered by the hundreds, if not by the thousand. Every ruffian in the city flaunted the finery sacked from Jewish houses, or boasted the ravishing of a Jewish maiden . Through some curious psychology of mass psychology, the infection spread from one city to the other, and throughout Spain onslaughts on the Jews became the order of the day. The fury raged that summer and autumn, and at several places the entire Jewish community was exterminated. At Cordova, the ancient Jewish quarter, where Moses Maimonides had first seen the light, was reduced to ashes. Toledo was witness to a similar horrifying carnage. 70 other towns in Castile were doomed to similar incidents of terror. In Aragon, in spite of measures put into force by the authorities to suppress the mayhem, the case was commonly adhered. In Valencia, within a few days, not a single professing Jew was left alive in the entire kingdom. In Barcelona, despite a half hearted protection given by the civic authorities, the whole community was wiped out. From Catalonia, the disorders spread to the Balearic Islands, where a massacre took place on August 2nd at Palma. Outbreaks were prevented only in the kingdom of Granada thanks to the efforts of the crown, in Portugal. Elsewhere in the peninsula, hardly a single community escaped. The total no of victims was estimated as many as 50,000 . The Inquisition did not begin in Spain, but did gather notoriety there. Shortly after commencement, the Spanish Inquisition was accused of numerous abuses. Accusations of heresy ran rampant, and innocent, faithful people were unjustly punished by public trials and condemnation. This usually took the form of strangulation or burning at the stake. The Inquisition, although vastly changed and more humane, remained a strong force in Spain until the early 19th century . By about 1750 the Inquisition had lost its power. It had been created to eradicate all traces of Semitism in Spain. The Jews had long been expelled and two and a half centuries of persecution had eventually eliminated the Judaisers. Yet the statues of blood purity still did not disappear; in fact, in the course of the eighteenth century, they tended to multiply. They no longer constituted a serious obstacle to a career in the Church, the official administration, or civic society. By the end of the eighteenth century, essentially the Inquisition was operating as a political policing force devoted to opposing the introduction of revolutionary and liberal ideas. By this time, it seemed to have softened its attitude. It no longer published edicts of faith encouraging the faithful spontaneously to denounce their neighbors and their relatives. Nor did it any longer torture its prisoners. CONCLUSION The Spanish Inquisition was one of the most powerful organizations used to eradicate heresy and safeguard the unanimity of Christendom. Begun in 1478, by 1512 the Inquisition was under review for a wide range of issues – from corruption, patronage and bribery. The Spanish Inquisition, first established under Queen Isabella was finally suppressed 356 years later under Queen Isabella II, leaving its mark in the annals of Western civilization. The onset of the Enlightenment slowed down the Inquisition. It, however, wasn’t until the Spanish invasion of Napoleon that the Inquisition finally came to an end in 1810, being completely abolished in 1836. It is estimated that more than 20,000 people were killed because of the Inquisition. Numerous more were subjected to torture and others had their possessions confiscated. John Paul II’s teachings are an ever present reminder of how to learn from history: â€Å" †¦we must take account of the complexity of the relationship between the subject who interprets and the object from the past which is interpreted†¦. Events or words of the past are, above all, â€Å"past. † As such they are not completely reducible to the framework of the present, but possess an objective density and complexity that prevent them from being ordered in a solely functional way for present interests. It is necessary, therefore, to approach them by means of an historical-critical investigation that aims at using all of the information available, with a view to a reconstruction of the environment, of the ways of thinking, of the conditions and the living dynamic in which those events and those words are placed, in order, in such a way, to ascertain the contents and the challenges that – precisely in their diversity – they propose to our present time . On 12 January 2000, to mark the Catholic Church’s Jubilee, Pope John Paul II issued a document entitled Memory and Reconciliation in which he asked for forgiveness for the errors of the Church over its 2,000 year history. ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision. London, 1997. John Paul II, Memory and Reconciliation, 2000. Finkelstein, Louis. 1970. The Jews: their history. New York: Schocken Books. Kohen, Elizabeth, & Elias, Marie Louise. 2004. Spain. New York: Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish. Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition of Spain. 4 vols. New York, 1906–1908. Lemieux, Simon. â€Å"The Spanish Inquisition. † History Review 7. 44 (2002): 44-49

anarchism essays

anarchism essays The aim of this essay is to explain Anarchism and to comprehend if it is a political ideology. There are a lot of anarchist thinkers and ordinary people which believe that anarchism is not a political ideology is only a theory in contradiction to the others which believe that anarchism is a political ideology because it is based upon ideas and values that a group of people believe and fight for. An ideology is more or less coherent set of ideas, which provide the basis for an organized political society. However, it is essential to go back and look at anarchism roots, ideas, historical arguments etc, to deepen into this human political theory that is connected with societal behavior and function. Anarchism is an ideology that regards abolition of government as the necessary precondition for a free and just society. The term itself comes from the Greek words anarchy (an-achy) which means "without a ruler, without authority . Anarchism rejects all forms of hierarchical authority, social and economic as well as political. What distinguishes it from other ideologies, however, is the central importance it attaches to the state. To anarchists, the state is a wholly artificial and illegitimate institution, the bastion of privilege and exploitation in the modern world. For this reason anarchism is primarily a movement against hierarchy. Also hierarchy is the organizational structure that embodies authority. Since the state is the "highest" form of hierarchy, anarchists are, by definition, anti-state; but this is not a sufficient definition of anarchism. This means that real anarchists are opposed to all forms of hierarchical organization, not only the state. The "classical" anarchists such as Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin did use the word hierarchy, but preferred "authority,", it's clear from their writings that theirs was a philosophy against hierarchy, against any inequality of power or...

How to Afford Private School Tuition

How to Afford Private School Tuition Private school can be expensive, and paying those hefty tuition bills can be a burden for families from all income levels. The average national cost of non-sectarian private schools is approximately $17,000 a year, and the yearly tuition at schools in urban areas such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. can be more than $40,000 for just a day school program. Boarding schools are even more expensive. But, that doesnt mean a private school education is out of the question for your family. While you may think that there is little financial aid for private schools, and yes it can be competitive to get financial aid, there are several sources of funding that you may not have thought of. Here are some ways in which you can find financial assistance to pay for private school: Talk to the financial aid officer at your school. The financial aid officer at your school may know about merit and need-based scholarships that your child may be eligible for; sometimes these are not widely promoted. Several private schools offer free tuition for parents earning less than about $75,000 a year. As many as 20% of private school students receive some form of need-based financial aid, and this figure is as high as about 35% at schools with large endowments. Keep in mind that schools with large endowments and longer histories can generally offer larger amounts of aid, but inquire about programs even at schools that are less established. Check out scholarships. There are many scholarships and  even voucher programs  available for students at private schools. The school youre applying to or attending may even have scholarship programs for students; be sure to ask the admission office or financial aid office to find out if youre eligible and how to apply.  There are also regional scholarship programs that can assist with finding scholarships. Some notable programs include A Better Chance, which provides opportunities for students of color to attend boarding and day college-prep schools around the country. Research free or low-tuition  private schools. Private school for free? ​Believe it or not, schools that offer zero tuition  do exist.  There are completely tuition-free private and parochial schools across the country. Check out this list of free private schools. You can also research schools with low tuition rates; with a financial aid package, if you qualify, you could find yourself with an opportunity to attend a private school for little to no money.   Don’t forget to ask about sibling discounts. Many schools will offer discounts if you already have a child at the school, or if a family member has attended previously (often referred to as a legacy student). In addition, some private school financial aid officers will reduce the tuition for families paying college tuition at the same time that they are paying private school tuition. Ask if the school youre applying to offers these kinds of discounts! Take advantage of employee discounts. This may sound odd, but its true. Many private schools offer full time employees free tuition or tuition discounts. If you know you want to send your child to private school and your skill set aligns to an opening at a school you like, apply for a job. Be sure to look at requirements for the tuition discounts, as some schools require that employees work at the school for a certain number of years before they are eligible. If youre already a parent at the school, you can still apply. But youll likely have to go through the same formal job application process as all the other candidates. Dont worry, if you dont get the job, your child can still attend.   Spread out payments with tuition payment plans. Many schools will allow you to spread out your yearly tuition in installments. They may charge a flat fee or interest for this service, so be sure to read the fine print and determine if this is right for you. There are also many institutions that manage tuition payments at private schools across the country. Take advantage of pre-payment incentives. Many schools will offer parents a discount for paying in full by a certain amount. If you have a rewards program credit card, this can be a great way to earn some perks. You can use tax-free Coverdell savings accounts. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, which allow you to save up to $2,000 a year per beneficiary in tax-free accounts, can be used for tuition at private schools. The distributions from these accounts will not be taxed if the amount in the account is less than the beneficiary’s educational expenses at an eligible institution. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski  - stacyjago

What You Dont Know About Making Decisions Example

What You Dont Know About Making Decisions Example What You Don't Know About Making Decisions – Article Example What You Need to Know About Making Decisions College What You Need to Know About Making Decisions Making decisions is an attempt that many companies and institutions fail in many instances. Many companies collapse when the leaders take on individual approaches that constantly lead them to generating poor results. Leaders in business and organizations perceive decision making the wrong way. The main explanation for this is the fact that they have a tendency of treating decision making as an event of advocacy. This simply implies to decision making in a distinct moment in time. However, the reality is that making decisions is never a short event. On the other hand, it is a progression that develops in days, weeks and months or years of inquiry. Making decision needs enough time of preparedness where a leader takes his or her time to make inquiries about a problem and in the end comes up with the best way out. This should include the application of constructive conflict, consideration a nd closure. These are factors that break down the inquiry process of decision making. With constructive conflict, leaders take their time to involve every member of staff in collaborative discussion/consideration and critical thinking where balanced argument finally helps them come up with influential decision1.In conclusion, decision making requires backing from the rest of the company members. Furthermore, particularly when it comes to executing decisions. This is for the reason that studies show that the number of business leaders who come up with good decisions and those who fail to are outstanding. Leaders who stick to making decisions alone, on impulse and without adequate preparedness often fail to meet their set goals in businesses. On the other hand, leaders who take their ample time to make inquiries, prepare well, engage in collaborative discussions and constructive conflict often make solid decisions that amount to tangible results.BibliographyDavid A. Garvin and Michael A. Roberto (2009) What You Dont Know About Making Decisions (HBR OnPoint Enhanced Edition)

ARD Green roof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ARD Green roof - Essay Example esign allows a greater insulation from the other two designs, meaning it could provide a greater amount of energy on its own, and therefore, fulfilling the stand alone requirement. The water retention and filter drainage layers both would aid in preventing irrigation and store water if there ever was a drought. In essence, there are variant considerations that one must make before concluding or choosing the best type of roofing especially when there are specific demands based on energy conservation. Perhaps the best guide in analyzing whether a building, or a roof in this matter, is in line with the green building milestones is by checking the roofs properties against the guidelines advanced by LEED (Yudelson, 2008). The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating systems provide a guide that can be utilized in determining a green building (Vassigh, Özer & Spiegelhalter, 2013). Besides the goal to meet the system’s rating it is also important to look at the unique factors around the building. These include, a hot and dry weather, which characterizes the region, Flagstaff. In this regard, the idea is to have a roof that allows for high-efficiency ventilation, one that makes use of rapidly renewable materials, and finally on that only utilizes certified wood produc ts. Notably, the roofing system should preferably allow for solar photovoltaic systems (Vassigh, Özer & Spiegelhalter, 2013). Based on these analysis points it then becomes critical to weigh the roof’s properties against the identified interest areas. Where else the other roof designs present a commendable effort it is easy to pick on Design #2 as this is modeled in a way that makes it possible to meet the desired Green goals as established under the LEED rating system (Edwards, 2003). Besides, the design provides the best way to counter and at the same time maximally utilize the photo energy that represents the region. In totality, the design provides a friendly, green and

Dental codes and Codes of ethics discussion Assignment

Dental codes and Codes of ethics discussion - Assignment Example additional core values to those provided by ADA such as compassion, integrity, competence, professionalism and tolerance (American College of Dentists, 1996). This implies that dentists relying on the ADA dentists’ professional code of conduct may not be aware of the additional important core values that they need to observe during their practice. In this case, some dentists may choose to ignore some of the values such as showing compassion to patients, maintenance of integrity and tolerance. These differences in core values may create differences in the understanding of the professional requirements among the dentists. Although the key ethical principles identified by ADA and ADHA may capture most the ethical issues likely to arise in the process of delivering dental care, additional core values identified by ACD can be ignored because they contribute immensely in determining how dentists conduct themselves (American Dental Hygienists Association, 2008). The ACD core of values is the most comprehensive of the three with more core values and explanation on what is expected of the dentistry profession. In conclusion, these differences call for the need to have a consensus in the core of values of the dentistry profession. Organizations are compelled to explicitly articulate values that place a strong emphasis on ethical behavior which they achieve by drafting a code of ethics, a formal statement of the ethical priorities that all professionals within the organizations must adhere to (Condrey, 2010). However, some organizations may fail to establish a specific code of ethic due to lack of perceived need to duplicate the regulations of behavior already covered by the jurisdiction of state ethics. In this case, this most states have codes of ethics for all professionals in place, lack of a code of ethics in a profession or organization does not imply that those professionals cannot upload the expected behavior standards in a given state. The behavior or conduct

Corporate Governance Within Privately Held Firms Research Paper

Corporate Governance Within Privately Held Firms - Research Paper Example According to Durand and Vargas (2003), four distinctive characteristics make private held companies receive less attention in comparison to public companies (p. 667). The first amongst these characteristics is the isolation of private firms from the pressures of capital markets. Secondly, private firms have a less efficient labor market from that of public companies, which is a result of the frequently observed disconnect between the expected performance of an individual and their employment contract. The third distinct characteristic of private held companies is that, they do not offer a similar palette in terms of incentives to their employees in comparison to public companies. Finally, private held companies have a different definition of performance usually shaped by the missions and goals of the firm (Durand and Vargas, 2003, p. 668). As a result, these distinct characteristics make private companies receive less attention from the media and government agencies. Nevertheless, it is essential for private held companies to institute reforms aimed at corporate governance. ... According to Keasey and Wright, accountability involves â€Å"monitoring, evaluation and control of organizational agents to ensure they behave in the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders† (as cited in Uhlaner et al., 2007, p. 226). In effect, private held firms should also implement corporate governance reforms within their operations in order to ensure accountability and avoid conflicts between the management, the owners, and any other stakeholder in the firm. Keasey, Thompson, and Wright (2005) noted â€Å"that the problem of diffuse ownership are absent as there is typically still a major ownership interest of the founders or their families† (p. 213). In this regard, corporate governance in private held firms failed to drive the need of change in such firms. On the other hand, management’s failure in private held firms to adopt corporate governance arises from the owners’ fears that some change amount to a usurpation of powers. In this case , accountability involves delegating and decentralizing operations and responsibilities, which some owners might interpret as a usurpation of powers and oppose any means to implement adoption of such routines. However, firms need external financing in order to expand their operations in the global economy. Therefore, the augmented need for external finances and funding make private held companies become more accountable to their financiers. In effect, since corporate reforms have a basis on accountability, private held firms implement corporate governance to ensure effective use of resources and more so the externally sourced finances. According to Uhlaner et al. (2007), ownership characteristics within private held firms â€Å"influence the quality of the two functions of governance – i.e., the monitoring and

Export Spanish Ham Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Export Spanish Ham - Coursework Example Wheel organization structure entails the procurement and distribution of ready-made products. This involves a comprehensive supply chain system. It is also concerned with functional structure refers to the organization of the functions of an organization into the required number of functions within a particular organization. This structure determined the selection of a functional organization structure because of the efficient utilization of resources associated with this structure. This structure also guarantees career development and advancement because the personnel succeed each other according to their ranks in Authority. Furthermore, this structure is the one that gives an opportunity to the employees to work as a team in order to achieve the overall organizational goals of profit maximization and wealth creation. Traditional divisional structuring leads to horizontal communication within the organization whereas functional structuring has got vertical communication according to the hierarchy existing. Furthermore, there is utilization of human resource in functional structure whereas there is wastage of this resource in divisional organizational structure. This owes to the fact that in divisional structuring, each division has its own personnel in the field of accounting, human resource, marketing, manufacturing and purchasing hence duplication of effort. Matric organizational structure is the best structure because it employs both functional and divisional techniques and designs. However, reporting to the seniors is a problem because authority has been fully delegated to the heads of every division, unlike in the functional and divisional organizational structures. Moreover, there is continuous competition between line managers and the personnel in matrix structure unlike the case in functional and divisional organizational structures. Matrix-based organizational

Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Styles - Essay Example Today most of the Fortune 500 are from USA, not because of the human capital, diversification, creativity, (although they too contribute in business success) but due to the leaders they have such as Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Jack Welch and so on. We know that these people have inspired millions through their big ideas, inspirations, their timely decision making processes etc. When Jack Welch took charge of General Electric, the total worth of company was US$ nine billion and at the time when he left General Electric, after almost twenty years, the company's financial worth was US$ 500 billion. This figure itself speaks about the leadership skills Jack Welsh possesses. He is a man who has a lot of energy. During his stay in General Electric he acquired a lot of new businesses, streamlined plenty of strategic business units and plenty of mergers and acquisitions which needed loads of enthusiasm, courage and timely decision making. From day first in the General Electric, Jack always came up with new ideas and notions, which reaped fruitful results for his company. He is a man of change, he believed that keep changing positively will leave the competitors far behind, because while changing you grow according to the needs and wants of the customer.

Export Spanish Ham Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Export Spanish Ham - Coursework Example Wheel organization structure entails the procurement and distribution of ready-made products. This involves a comprehensive supply chain system. It is also concerned with functional structure refers to the organization of the functions of an organization into the required number of functions within a particular organization. This structure determined the selection of a functional organization structure because of the efficient utilization of resources associated with this structure. This structure also guarantees career development and advancement because the personnel succeed each other according to their ranks in Authority. Furthermore, this structure is the one that gives an opportunity to the employees to work as a team in order to achieve the overall organizational goals of profit maximization and wealth creation. Traditional divisional structuring leads to horizontal communication within the organization whereas functional structuring has got vertical communication according to the hierarchy existing. Furthermore, there is utilization of human resource in functional structure whereas there is wastage of this resource in divisional organizational structure. This owes to the fact that in divisional structuring, each division has its own personnel in the field of accounting, human resource, marketing, manufacturing and purchasing hence duplication of effort. Matric organizational structure is the best structure because it employs both functional and divisional techniques and designs. However, reporting to the seniors is a problem because authority has been fully delegated to the heads of every division, unlike in the functional and divisional organizational structures. Moreover, there is continuous competition between line managers and the personnel in matrix structure unlike the case in functional and divisional organizational structures. Matrix-based organizational

Critically discuss the centrality of anthropology to colonial Essay

Critically discuss the centrality of anthropology to colonial domination of africa through the lens of a positivists and imperialist approach to domination, rather than a critical and dialectical - Essay Example Imperialism and colonialism have been used interchangeably in defining the relationship between Africa and Britain. Brtisch Empire occupied many territories in Africa (Erickson & Murphy, 2008). European Colonial rule in Africa spans from the late 1800s up till the Second World War. Since the advent of the Europeans in Africa, anthropology has largely been seen from the perspective of the outsiders and the view that the colonial power was projecting across. Therefore, anthropology in Africa could not flourish to its complete entirety. In fact, anthropology in Africa greatly suffered as a result of the domination of the imperial powers. When anthropology of different cultures was started being studied in the late 1800s, Africa’s contribution to the economic system was not considered and therefore it remained largely untouched by anthropologists for a long period of time. There were no anthropological researches conducted in Africa up till the Second World War. When anthropologis ts started conducting cultural studies in Africa, there methods were largely criticized at not being reliable and comprehensive enough. Thus, anthropology in Africa could not receive its due share of research. The development of anthropology in Africa during the Colonial rule was also undermined due to the image projected by the colonizers abroad. European contact was taken as a representation of Africa (Wehrs, 2008). Child pornography and the publicity of the extremely dire economic circumstances the African community was afflicted with, like poverty, lack of infrastructure etc. had an adverse effect on anthropological studies. Another reason that influenced the development of anthropology in Africa is due to the projection by the Europeans about the illiteracy and savagery of the Africans. Post-colonial rehabilitation of anthropology hence becomes difficult. This is partly because Africa still remains undeveloped and can not debunk the stigmatized

Example Proposal Essay Example for Free

Example Proposal Essay I have heard that Batangas City Council will be having a Scout Jamboree in the celebration of Scouting Month. In relation to this I would like to bring it to your notice that our Philip’s Sanctuary is an eco-recreation farm, perfect for team building activities, picnics, retreats, company outings, school field trips, parties and more! We have alternative forms of outdoor activities that stimulate the mind, body and spirit amidst a landscape of natural and man-made resources. Activities include team building games, orienteering, wall climbing, mountain trekking, outdoor skills training, outdoor cooking and jungle survival. It is home to nature lovers, and of adventure sports enthusiasts such as mountain bikers, hikers, trekkers, campers, mountaineers, and many more. Phillip’s Sanctuary boasts of obstacle courses that include the high ropes course, low ropes course, zip lines, hanging bridge, mud crawl, wall climbing, tight rope walk, river log balance, tarzan jump and many more. As a background Boy Scout of the Philippines vision of becoming the â€Å"leading provider of progressive outdoor based non-formal education for young Filipino males with the view of developing them to be morally straight, disciplined, concerned, self-reliant citizens in the best tradition of world scouting†, the BSP has set out to instill in Scouts and Scouters love of God, country, and fellowmen, prepare the youth for responsible leadership, and contribute to nation-building, according to the ideals, principles, and programs of Scouting. The BSP has promoted the ability of boys to do things for themselves and others, trained them in Scout craft, and taught them patriotism, courage, self-reliance. Participation in Boy Scouting means enjoying a lot of things together with other scouts. Scouting provides great adventure in outdoor learning. It designs activities that bring about the development of skills that will turn boys into dependable and self-reliant men. Lord Baden Powell, the founder of scouting said that â€Å"a scout is one who thoroughly trains himself in scout craft and places that training at the disposal of the community for public service.† The badges they wear are symbols, which say that they will continue to build and to keep friendship, give happiness to others with their daily good deeds, and live the ideals of the Scout Oath and Law. Scouts grow up to be upright and respectable citizens of the community and of the country. Philip Sanctuary can include facilitator in the package or you may bring your own facilitator. Attached in this letter are the package rates; day rates and the overnight rates. DAY RATES Day Package A: Day Tour no meals – P550.00/pax * Entrance fees and use of all common areas including swimming pool * Use of teambuilding facilities * Use of rafting/boating lagoon * Use of team challenge/low ropes course/obstacle course, hanging bridge * Use of all trails for biking, hiking, trekking * Day activity program * Facilitator’s Fee Day Package B: Day Tour with plated lunch and 2 snacks – P800.00/pax * All of package A inclusions plus plated lunch, AM Snack and PM Snack Day Package C: Day Tour with buffet lunch and 2 snacks – P950.00/pax * All of package A inclusions plus buffet lunch, AM Snack and PM Snack OVERNIGHT RATES Overnight Package A: Overnight Stay only – P800.00/pax * Entrance fees and use of all common areas including swimming pool * Overnight accommodations (dormitory style, no aircon) * Use of teambuilding facilities * Use of rafting/boating lagoon * Use of team challenge/low ropes course/obstacle course, hanging bridge * Use of all trails for biking, hiking, trekking * Day activity program * Facilitator’s Fee Overnight Package B: Overnight Stay with plated meals – P1,300.00/ * All of package A inclusions with plated lunch, dinner and breakfast and 2 snacks Overnight Package C: Overnight Stay with buffet meals – P1,700.00/pax * All of package A inclusions with buffet lunch, dinner and breakfast and 2 snacks In addition to our team building package, you may also be interested in the ff adventure bundles that you can do during your visit. Must be arranged and paid upon booking. Adventure Bundles Bundle A Basic Adventure P100/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of mud slide Bundle B Advanced Adventure P200/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of High Ropes Course Bundle C- Extreme Adventure P220/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of High Ropes Course -Use of Mud Slide We hope that you will merit our proposal. We promise you an experience of learning, fun and adventure you won’t forget!

The Importance of Real Estate investments

The Importance of Real Estate investments Real estate is one of the reliable and important investment types for individuals and institutions. Interest in the price appraisal of real estate has increased with rapid development of real estate sector and its legal infrastructure in recent years. The appraisal of real estate is a main principle for all businesses. Land and property are factors of production and the value of the land is dependent on the demand and supply for the product that is produced. Conducting planned urbanization, choosing settlement areas and estimating their inner or outer transport costs, improving capital markets transparency and reliability require a reliable price valuation of real estate asset. Appraisal in real estate is also important for the tax income of the national budget. Appraisal is, in simplest explanation, the determination of amount for which the property will transact on a particular date. (FRENCH, 2005 ) There is a wide range of purposes for appraisals are needed. These range from appraisals for transfer of ownership, financing and credit, litigation, tax matters, investment counselling, decision making, accounting and etc. Aim of this thesis is to provide a brief overview of the methods used in real estate appraisal according to international valuation standards, to research the position of appraisal practice in Turkey and to designate which valuation method should be used for analyzing the actual value of the real estate assets. For this purpose, a case study is prepared to investigate advantages and disadvantages of valuation techniques for specified real estates in a chosen sample area in Ankara. In reviewed literature; there are several definitions of appraisal and appraisal methods that are used internationally. Sales comparison method have been investigated by related studies mostly because this method is used more than other methods in appraisal practice. But; there is no detailed study to find out advantages and disadvantages of each methods by comparing applications in practice. The comparison of the valuation techniques to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each other is the point where this thesis differs. Method of the Study Over the past decade there has been a significant growth in real estate appraisal research throughout the world. There are several books, articles, doctoral or master thesis that are written about real estate appraisal. This thesis has been prepared by using the following methods; Library resource search, Research the appraisal practice in several countries and Turkey Interviews with Appraisal Companies and professionals in the sector, Research any organizations and associations about appraisal in world and in Turkey. This thesis comprises five parts. First part of this thesis includes conceptual description and principles of real estate appraisal. In this stage; library resource search is used as a method while data gathering about the appraisal practice in several countries and Turkey. There are many associations and organizations about appraisal all over the world; such as Appraisal Institute (AI), International Valuation Standards Committee (IVSC), The European Group of Valuers (TEGoVA), American Society of Appraiser (ASA), Councelors of Real Estate (CRE) and etc. Publications of these institutions are rewieved. Second part of this thesis includes the valuation methods and valuation process step by step. This stage includes library, resource and e-sources research about appraisal such as The Appraisal Journal, Journal of Real Estate Literature, Real Estate Review and etc. In addition, publications of the appraisal institutions are rewieved. Third part of this thesis includes the situation investigation of the Real Estate Appraisal in Turkey. For this purpose, interviews will be made both with appraisal companies and professionals in the sector. Interviews will analyse the application of appraisal to designate the problems, anticipations and etc. The purpose of interviews is to find out what is presently ongoing in appraisal practice. In this stage, interviews will also include the investigation of any associations -like Capital Boards of Turkey- and committees for their roles, purposes in appraisal sector. Fourth part of this thesis includes a case study. This case study investigates advantages and disadvantages of valuation techniques for specified real estates in a chosen sample area in Ankara. In this stage, each valuation technique is applied and the results are compared. The comparison results are used to define the most suitable technique for each type of real estate. Finally, the conclusion part of this thesis includes a general evaluation about Real Estate Appraisal and Appraisal Practice in Turkey. General Approach and Definitions Appraisal of Real Estate Appraisal is a professional appraisers opinion of value. The preparation of an appraisal include research into market areas; analysis of information relevant to a property; and the knowledge, experience, and professional judgment of the appraiser. Appraisals may be required for any type of real property, such as single-family homes, apartment buildings, office buildings, shopping centers, industrial sites, and farms. There are several reasons for performing a real property appraisal whenever real property is sold, mortgaged, taxed, insured, or developed. For example, appraisals are prepared for: Mortgage lending purposes Tax assessments and appeals of assessments Negotiation between buyers and sellers Government acquisition of private property for public use Business mergers or dissolutions Lease negotiations Real estate appraisal is the task of determining the potential price of a site or building in case of sale and also important for investment decisions, for real estate funds and project developments. Fisher and Martin defined real estate as an identified parcel of land, including improvements, if any. In addition, all permanent building attachments (plumbing, electrical wiring, heating systems, etc.,) as well as built-in items (cabinets, elevators, etc.) are usually considered part of the real estate. Fisher and Martin also defined real property as the interests, benefits and rights inherent in the ownership of real estate. Pagourtzi and Assimakopoulos also defined real property as all the interests, benefits, rights and encumbrances inherent in the ownership of physical real estate, where real estate is the land together with all improvements that are permanently affixed to it. According to The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), appraisal is An analyses, opinion or conclusion relating to the nature, quality, value or utility of specified interests in, or aspects of, identified real estate. In this usage, appraisal covers a variety of assignments, including valuation, consulting and review. Appraisal (Valuation) is the provision of a written opinion, independently and impartially prepared by a qualified appraiser, setting forth and justifying an opinion as to the market value (as of a specific date) of a property that is the subject of a real estate-related financial transaction. Appraisal Consulting is a study of nature, quality or utility of a parcel of real estate or interests in real property in which a value estimate is not necessarily required. Appraisal Review is the act or the process of studying a report prepared by another. The table from the 12th edition of Appraisal of Real Estate by Appraisal Institute explains the differences of these three terms. Table 2.1. Comparison of the Terms: Appraisal, Consulting, Review APPRAISAL Definition The act or process of developing an opinion of value. Characteristics Appraisal involves selective research into appropriate market areas, the Assemblage of pertinent data, the use of appropriate analytical techniques, and the application of knowledge, experience, and professional judgment to develop an appropriate solution to an appraisal problem. The appraiser provides the client with an opinion of real property value that reflects all pertinent market evidence. Examples An opinion of market value for a fee simple estate, leasehold estate, reservation easement, or other estate (to assist in mortgage lending decisions, to assist in purchase or sale decisions, etc.)An opinion of investment value or some other properly defined value of an identified interest in real estate as of a given date (for insurance purposes, for relocation purposes, for property tax appeals, etc.) APPRAISAL CONSULTING Definition The act or process of developing an analysis, recommendation, or opinion to solve a problem, where an opinion of value is a component of the analysis leading to the assignment results. Characteristics Current market activity and evidence are studied to form a conclusion that may not focus on a specific value indication. An appraiser develops a value opinion in an appraisal consulting assignment as part of the process of answering some other question about real estate, such as whether a proposed use of a given property is economically feasible. Examples Economic feasibility studies Marketability or investment considerations that relate to proposed or existing developments Land utilization studies Supply and demand studies Absorption analyses APPRAISAL REVIEW Definition The act or process of developing and communicating an opinion about the quality of another appraisers work. Characteristics Appraisal review procedures may be likened to a quality control or auditing function. A review appraiser examines the reports of other appraiser to determine whether their conclusions are consistent with the data reported and other generally known information. Examples Field review, desk review Source: Appraisal of Real Estate, 12th Edition, 2001:12 Real estate appraisals conducted for all institutions need to follow valuation approaches that result in a market value estimate that is both provident and rational in relation to the physical and legal characteristics of the property appraised. The sales comparison, income capitalisation and cost analysis approaches are methods mostly used to calculate the market value of real estate. Calvin Lin (2007) indicated that real estate appraisal methods can be divided into cost, sales comparison and income approaches. In section 2.4 these appraisal methods will be explained. Value and Price In common life ; there are several usage types of the word value, such as market value, use value, leasehold value, investment value, active value, tax value, insurable value and other types of value. Each terms has a different meaning and each of them will be explained in this section. The Aim and Role of Appraisal McParland, Adair, and McGreal (2002) found out, many European countries have their own national valuation standards. The internationalization of real estate suggests an investigation of such standards, because foreign investors need to understand the concepts that national appraisers use. Parker (1996) attempted to identify the main valuation methods adopted internationally, and the relative importance affecting the capitalization rate. Dorchester and Vella (2000) also addressed the demands arising from the globalization of real estate activities and the importance of the development of the international valuation standards. It is obvious that real estate appraisal has turned into an international financial analysis from the traditional comparison of local physical assets. Calvin Lin (2007) indicated that real estate appraisal techniques can usually be divided into cost, sales comparison, and income approaches. The Valuation Methods Sales Comparison Analysis For Appraisal Kummerow (1997) indicated that the sales comparison approach may misrepresent long-term value where there are speculative bubbles and temporary crashes. Tsukamoto (1999) examined the experience in Japan where the bubble economy in the late 1980s was largely caused by the inability of Japanese appraisers and investors to properly estimate real estate value. The sales comparison approach uses similar properties as the basis for estimation. The merits of this approach include its ability to reflect the propertys market value, and its relative simplicity. The drawbacks are that the appraised value may be inflated during periods of a bubble economy, and the adjustments are sometimes subjective. (Lin, 2007) The cost approach applies the reconstruction or replacement costs and the deduction of depreciation as the basis for valuation. Objectivity is the well-recognized advantage of this method. The major drawback is that this approach lacks market value and profit consideration. The appraised value through this approach thus often deviates from market value. The income approach discounts all the future net income to present value. It reflects the fundamental value of the property according to the revenues and costs; therefore, this method focuses on the estimation of the income stream and the discount rate. The income approach consists of two routes: direct and yield capitalization. Income producing properties are the major investment objects for Real Estate Investments Trusts (REIT), so the income approach seems to be the most appropriate method for REIT valuation. Gorlow, Parr, and Taylor (1993) indicated that the final reversion value should be estimated through the construction costs of the comparable project. The cost approach can assess the construction value; however, the accurate determination of land value of the final period still requires market or revenue information for evaluation. Hirota (1999) stressed that the income approach should put more weight on the operating income than on the final reversion. Income Capitalization Analysis For Appraisal Cost Analysis For Appraisal The Valuation Process Data Collection Data Analysis (Market Analysis Highest and Best Use Analysis) Application of the Valuation Methods Reports of Defined Value Appraisal of Real Estate in Turkey History and Present Situation of Appraisal in Turkey Capital Markets Board of Turkey and Appraisal The Methods of Appraisal that are used in Turkey The Position of Appraisal Companies in Turkey Case Study This case study will investigate the disadvantages and the advantages of valuation techniques for specified real estates in a chosen sample area in Ankara. Conclusion

Characters Essay examples -- essays research papers

Significance of a Minor Character   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minor characters are the backbones of all literary pieces of work. They can have an overall affect that can change the development of a story. These minute characters can provide further insight into the mind of the leading character(s) through their actions. In the short story â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat†, Uncle Billy is a diminutive character that alters the upcoming events faced by the other characters. His actions force the other characters to use an alternative way to solve their dilemma. Another minute character that makes a big difference is the old timer in the short story â€Å"To Build a Fire†. The old timer gives useful advice to the man but blatantly ignores it. These two minor characters in both of these pieces show that a small and negligible character can make a huge impact on the development of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Uncle Billy in â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat† alters the way the other characters can solve their problem. In the story, Uncle Billy steals the mules and heads back into Poker Flat leaving the other characters stranded in a snowstorm. â€Å"But turning to where Uncle Billy had been lying, he found him gone. A suspicion leaped to his brain and a curse to his lips. He ran to the spot where the mules had been tethered: they were no longer there† (Harte 585). With the few supplies obtained, the characters rely upon themselves to correct the problem. The minor character in the sto...

How Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case

How Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The story is about a doctor called Jekyll who has an alternate identity called Hyde. Until the last two chapters it is told from the view point of Mr Utterson; a friend of Jekyll’s who is trying to piece together the story. It uses features of gothic novels such as doppelganger which is an alternate identity. It also uses multiple narratives to make the reader think, it also helps the reader solve the case themselves, and piece the story together, from the evidence given. To a certain extent Stevenson also uses the monster feature in the form of Edward Hyde. In this novel, Stevenson was trying to show that good and evil are not separate within us but are a combined part of us so instead of trying to split them we should except the unity and only then will we be able to make our good side prevail in the struggle of good and evil. One of the features of a gothic novel used is the haunted house. Authors of gothic novels use a character’s house to reflect the characters psychological manner. In this story Jekyll’s house is described as being â€Å"grand and having an air of wealth and comfort†. This mimics Jekyll’s personality as he is portrayed for the reader,† a large, well-made, smooth-faced man†. The description â€Å"smooth-faced man† gives the impression that he is not only hiding his age but also the secrets that come with age. We get the impression that he has something to hide right at the beginning of the story; I believe that through this Stevenson gives us a hint that Jekyll has some thing that he wants to keep hidden. His house however has a backdoor which is described as â€Å"blistered and distained†. This, .. ...mic society by using the split personality of Jekyll and Hyde, which is emphasized by the two entrances to his house, to show the mixed views of people from that time period. He also voiced the fear of most of the society through his monster Hyde, who is created through science but cannot be controlled. I believe not only does he express the fear of science going wrong, he also expresses the view of not playing God, by showing that man might not be able to permanently control what he creates, which is shown by Jekyll loosing control of the transformation to Hyde. He also tries to explain that the good and evil parts of us are what make us who we are and instead of trying to separate them and risk losing control we should embrace them and try through our actions, to let the good side prevail instead of using science to destroy us while trying to do well.

Organizational and Management Theories Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain why reframing can be so important to a business. In today’s world, businesses must stay on top of the competition and in touch with the ever-changing world of technology. Over time, a business can become stagnant, may be running on cruise-control or run out of new ideas. Sales may even start to slip with new competition affecting the bottom line. Initially a business is organized and it begins to function on a structural level that works for the business. In time, minds can become hard-wired to continue to function within that initial frame; however, framing is simply a concept. It can be changed by altering the conceptual and emotional setting or viewpoint of the business. Reframing allows a business to break free from the limits of the original frame. The business first assesses its operations via multiple outlooks and frames. There are four common frames used to analyze operations and those include the Structural Frame, the Human Reso urce Frame, Political Frame, and the Symbolic Frame. Each frame has its own emphasis and key concepts and each will be further explained in this paper. Vision 2011 Organizations are complex entities. There are many factors that make organizational life complicated, ambiguous, and unpredictable. â€Å"The biggest challenge for managers and leaders is to find the right way to frame our organizations in a world that has become more global, competitive, and turbulent (Stadtlander, n.d.) Organizational framing is a theory in which the management of a business assesses its operation via multiple outlooks. The ability for a leader to make sense of the complex and ambiguous work world depends on the mental models or â€Å"frames† applied to the task (DeGrosky, 2011). A frame â€Å"is a mental model-a set of ideas and assumptions-that you carry in your head to help you understand and negotiate a particular â€Å"territory† (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 11). It helps managers understand the situation at hand so they are able to make decisions. There are different angles for managers to consider while making decisions in their organizations. Each angle gives the manager a different view of the situation and helps them capture what is actually going on. The Four Frames Bolman and Deal (2008) developed an organizational theory that consists of four frames. The organizational theory â€Å"prescribes a multi-dimensional or multi-frame approach in understanding the attributes and situational contexts of organizational behavior† (Thompson, n.d.). The four frames are: Structural, Human Resource, Political, and Symbolic. Structural Frame â€Å"The structural frame is the view that an organization is a â€Å"factory† or a â€Å"machine†. â€Å"The structural frame depicts a rational world and emphasizes organizational architecture, including goals, structure, technology, specialized roles, coordination, and formal relationships† (Bolman & Deal, 2008). It defines the responsibilities of each position and the relationships between them. Six assumptions undergird the structural frame: 1. Organizations exist to achieve established goals and objectives. 2. Organizations increase efficiency and enhance performance through specialization and appropriate division of labor. 3. Suitable forms of coordination and control ensure that diverse efforts of individuals and units mesh. 4. Organizations work best when rationality prevails over personal agendas and extraneous pressures. 5. Structures must be designed to fit an organization’s current circumstances (including its goals, technology, workforce, and environment). 6. Problems arise and performance suffers from structural deficiencies, which can be remedied through analysis and restructuring. Human Resource Frame â€Å"The human resource frame centers on what organizations and people do to and  for one another† (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 117). It focuses on the individuals that work in an organization and their skills, attitudes, energy, and commitment. The human resource frame is built on core assumptions that highlight the following linkages: * Organizations exist to serve human needs rather than the converse. * People and organizations need each other. Organizations need ideas, energy, and talent; people need careers, salaries, and opportunities. * When the fit between individual and system is poor, one or both suffer. Individuals are exploited or exploit the organization-or both become victims. * A good fit benefits both. Individuals find meaningful and satisfying work, and organizations get the talent and energy they need to succeed. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 122). Political Frame â€Å"The political frame views organizations as roiling arenas hosting ongoing contests of individual and group interests† (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194). Politics occurs because employees are trying to obtain power. The individuals with the most power will be the individuals that will get want they want. There are five propositions to summarize this frame: 1. Organizations are coalitions of assorted individuals and interest groups. 2. Coalition members have enduring differences in values, beliefs, information, interests, and perceptions of reality. 3. Most important decisions involve allocating scarce resources-who gets what. 4. Scarce resources and enduring differences put conflict at the center of day-to day dynamics and make power the most important asset. 5. Goals and decisions emerge from bargaining and negotiation among competing stakeholders jockeying for their own interests. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194-195). Symbolic Frame The symbolic frame â€Å"views an organization as a tribe or nation† (Henderson, 2011). It helps to give employees a meaning to their work. There is a traditional way of completing tasks. It is the way that an organization forms its culture. The organizational culture shows the internal (employees) and external (customers & stakeholders) how the company wants to be perceived. The symbolic frame distills ideas from diverse sources into five suppositions: * What is most important is not what happens but what it  means. * Activity and meaning are loosely coupled; events and actions have multiple interpretations as people experience life differently. * Facing uncertainty and ambiguity, people create symbols to resolve confusion, find direction, and anchor hope and faith. * Events and processes are often more important for what is expressed than for what is produced. Their emblematic form weaves a tapestry of secular myths, heroes and heroines, rituals, ceremonies, and stories to help people find purpose and passion. * Culture forms the superglue that bonds an organization, unites people, and helps an enterprise accomplish desired ends. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 253). Background Steve Jacobs worked as an engineer in the US Army. After serving for 15 years he retired and he started a small workshop that manufactured parts for industrial boilers. The company was called Steve Jacobs Engineering however with the growth he changed it to Steve Jacobs Engineering LLC. From the start hard work and luck seem to have paid off and over the years the company continued to grow in capital and production. By the time his great grandson Martin Jacobs took over the company in 2007 as the CEO the company had 2200 employees and an annual turnover of $3.2 billion. An engineering graduate with an MBA, he had worked in the company during his student days and was concerned about the company and its tread based on the changing business environment. Despite the growth in capital, labor force, market and profits the company had outdated management systems that made it venerable to a crisis in a changing business environment. Martin Jacobs spent his first year as CEO identifying the challenges being faced by the organization. He figures he need to change the * Structure of the organization to make it more decentralized and open where employees can share ideas within divisions and ranks. The old system was based on a top down system that he believes cannot be sustained. * Groupings in the organization based on position, skills, age and department * Training, motivation and compensation of the workforce is not in sync with current economy * Technology which is outdated * â€Å"Way things are being done now† Martin Jacobs ponders on these changes and as he contemplates on how to  roll them out the United States Congress, in their infinite wisdom and pressures of the global economy has elected to change the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metric system, effective by 2010. Changing into metric system will be good for the company and the country as all the exported goods have to be labeled in metric system or they will not sell. For the CEO Steve Jacobs Engineering has to change the way it operates or it will not survive. This provides an opportunity for him not only to change the metrics system but the entire operations of the company. Analysis of Theories being used Maslow’s hierarchy of need-people are motivated by a variety of wants, some more fundamental than others. (Human Resource Frame). * Basic needs for physical well-being and safety are â€Å"prepotent; they have to be satisfied first. Once lower needs are fulfilled, individuals are motivated by social needs and ego needs. At the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization. * When changes occur in organizations, people become fearful of the new changes and the unknown of the future. * Managers need to decrease this fear by providing employees with psychological support and training to help them overcome this fear. When this fear is overcome; they can move up in the hierarchy of needs and take a step closer to reaching self-actualization-developing to one’s fullest and actualizing one’s ultimate potential. *Andrew will be writing the analysis once everyone has provided their root theories. Academic Literature Review Needs to include at least 5 peer-reviewed journal sources. 1. de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change: A new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 2. Tan, N. (2005). Maximising Human Resource Potential in the Midst of Organizational Change. SingaporeManagement Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635 3. Sigler, K. J. (1999). Challenges of employee retention. Management Research Review, 22(10), 1-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635. Comprehensive Business Literature Review 1. Case Studies 2. News Reports 3. Service Offerings. Predictions of Major Challenges Structural Frame The Structural Frame emphasizes goals, specialized roles, and formal relationships; this frame can be used to organize and structure groups and teams to get results and fit an organization’s environment and technology. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization. Good organizational design helps communications, productivity, and innovation. It creates an environment where people can work effectively. The fundamental responsibility of managers and leaders is to clarify organizational goals, to attend to the relationship between structure and environment, and to develop a structure that is clear and appropriate to the goals, the task, and the environment. Without such a structure, people become unsure about what they are supposed to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict. In an effective organization, individuals are clear about their responsibilities and their contribution. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are well-defined. When an organization has the right structure and people understand it, the organization can achieve its goals and individuals can be effective in their roles. Major challenges: * Lack of structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. * Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. Human Resource Frame The human resource frame â€Å"highlights the relationship between people and organizations† (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 137). â€Å"It includes people’s skills, attitudes, energy, commitment and relationships as fundamental resources of organizations† (DeGrosky, 2011). During times of change, managers need to consider the effects the changes will have on the workforce. If the changes that occur do not align with the employee’s needs and wants; it could cause negative impacts on the organization. Managers need to understand that whenever changes occur; resistance will happen. â€Å"Resistance is simply a very effective, very powerful, very useful survival mechanism (de Jager, 2001). Employees question the reasons things need to change when they have worked in the past or are currently working. Losing employees that resist the change process is one of the biggest risks in managing business change. The employees that make the greatest contribution to your business are usually heavily invested in their role and your business operations. Often these employees are the most challenged by change process. â€Å"Research has shown organizational change to be a primary cause of stress. Because of the feelings of uncertainty, insecurity, and threat that it invokes† (Tan, 2005). Organizations that have employees that are overly stressed or burned out have more cases of absenteeism, lower productivity, lower job satisfaction, and low morale. Major challenges: * Resistance to change due to not being involved in the change decisions and/or implementation process; and fear of having to learn something new * Retaining employees through the changes * Increased stress on employees Political Frame Bowman and Deal (B & D) describe organizations as â€Å"living, screaming political arenas that host a complex web of individual and group interests.† (2008, p. 194). Organizations comprise groups of people from diverse background with different beliefs, preferences, experiences and ideals. Organizations have goals to achieve and they hire people from diverse backgrounds to help them achieve them. On the other hand people come into organizations with their own expectations and desires which they expect to be fulfilled within the organization. Individuals in the  organization join groups that will advance their agendas or that share their ideas and desires. Due to scarce resources and differences in the organization conflicts erupts among different groups. To access more resources each group tries to use its power and skills to influence decisions that work to their advantage. However, the goal of the leaders is to bring different groups of people together and ensure they work together as a team in order to achieve organization goals. Leaders are the guardians of the organizations and its goals. Therefore they result to negotiations, bargaining and discussions with different groups to ensure despite their differences they are able to work together. Major Challenges * Divisions among groups that may affect productivity * Union resistance to changes arising from new metrics systems for fear of job loss * Inability of leaders to negotiate, bargain and jockey with different groups * Retraining of employees on the new metrics system may further divide the old and younger employees Symbolic Frame The Symbolic Frame describes the organizational culture, the rituals, the ceremonies; all the symbols and heroes that help us make meaning of organizational events and activities (Bolman & Deal 2008). In the symbolic frame, people judge organizations primarily by their appearance. It is in this frame that organizations create the image that is expected of them, reassure their constituencies, and generate support for their missions. The symbolic frame can offer insight into fundamental issues of meaning and belief within an organization and bring employees together if the leader is effective. Symbolic leaders are able to interpret experience and in that interpretation, they can bring meaning and purpose. Leaders of this type need to look for something visible and dramatic to signal that change is on the way. A key function of symbolic leadership is to offer plausible and hopeful interpretations of experience. An effective leader is able to do this is by painting a vision, a hopeful image of the future. The vision addresses both the challenges and the hopes and values of its followers. When employees are confused or uncertain in times of change, they seek hope  and direction – this is where a symbolic leader can bring people together and succeed. Symbolic leaders can create the vision – and then they can persuade others to follow it. Symbolic leaders tell stories. A successful way to do this is to embed their vision in a mythical story. A story that tells where the company has been, where it is, and where it is going in the future or looking back at the history of the company and the employees and what has brought you this far already. These types of stories will succeed because people want to believe them and it makes it personal. Even a flawed story will work if the leader is persuasive in the values and hopes of the listeners. Good stories and a genuine personal touch reflect the power and the danger of symbolic leadership. Power is positive in the right hands but power in the wrong hands, can create devastation (2004). Major challenges include: * Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobs * Can I learn the new ways-what if I can’t?  * The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or hero’s that can bring the listeners together * The symbolic leader may fail at finding and incorporating humor and play at work to ease tensions during the times of change * The organization’s culture is not well aligned with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and customs lose meaning Assessments on How to Resolve Challenges Structural Frame Lack of structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. The job of managers and leaders is to focus on task, facts, and logic, not personality and emotions. Most â€Å"people† problems really stem from structural flaws rather than from flaws in individuals. Structural managers and leaders are not necessarily authoritarian and do not necessarily solve every problem by issuing orders. Instead, they try to design and implement a process or structure appropriate to the problem and the circumstances. A structural scenario casts managers and leaders in fundamental roles of clarifying goals, attending to the relationship between structure and environment, and developing a structure that is clear to  everyone and appropriate to what needs to be done. This is a structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. Without a workable structure, people become unsure about what they are supposed to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict. In an effective organization, individuals are relatively clear about their responsibilities and their contribution to the mission. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are straightforward and widely accepted. When you have the right structure, one that people understand, organizations can achieve goals and individuals can see their role in the big picture. Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. Technology is about improving how we put our knowledge to work and increase our ability to produce valued results. Performance improvement continues to shape the future of many individuals and organizations around the world through learning, sharing, working together, and networking. If recent assertions are to be believed, the pace of implementation of Information Technology (IT) within organizations would appear to be relentless and its scope pervasive, with extravagant claims made in terms of IT’s organizational benefits such as increased efficiency and higher levels of customer service. IT has also been said to facilitate the way in which information is processed, with the potential to change the way in which decision making is undertaken, and even to effect a shift in the nature and scope of activities undertaken by the business. For example, IT at least promises dramatic repercussions for the form and content of inter-organizational relationships as well as intra-organizational communication; the bases on which organizations compete; the means of production; the process of distribution and service support; indeed for almost every aspect of accepted organizational activity. Human Resource Frame Resistance to change. The first challenge in the human resource frame that Martin Jacobs will need to face is resistance to change. Resistance to change can happen due to many reasons. Employees resist because they feel uninvolved and ignored. It is important to get employees involved either by letting them explore and provide some options in the decision-making process. When people are  involved in the decision-making and/or implementation of changes, they feel more committed to it. (de Jager, 2001). Another reason employees resist change is they fear having to learn something new. â€Å"It’s not that they disagree with the benefits of some new process; rather, they simply fear the unknown future and doubt their ability to adapt to it† (de Jager, 2001). This type of resistance can be overcome by creating an environment where learning is the norm. In this learning environment, â€Å"early failures of any learning endeavor are not frowned upon or punished, but are rewarded because failure is honored as evidence of effort (de Jager, 2001). Retaining employees through the changes The loss of talented employees may be very detrimental to the company’s future success. During times of change, outstanding employees may leave an organization because they become dissatisfied and/or feel unmotivated. Management can help keep employees by offering incentive pay, such as: cash bonuses and stock ownership. Another way that this company can help retain employees during times of change is through increase job satisfaction. â€Å"Management can insure talented employees are given autonomy in their job functions and are given meaning meaningful assignments, allowing them to be involved in the decision making for their area of expertise† (Sigler, 1999). Other ways that can help increase job satisfaction are making sure that the working conditions are pleasant and offering employees training to ensure they know how to use the new metric system within their job positions. Increased stress on employees When employees are overly stressed, it could cause more cases of absenteeism, lower productivity, lower job satisfaction, and low morale. Managers can help relieve the stress employees feel during the change and maximize their human resource through the following: 1. Increase communication and disseminate adequate information about the change. 2. Create a supportive environment at the workplace. 3. Empower their employees to play a more active role in the implementation of change. (Tan, 2005). Political Frame Changing the company to metric system may elicit different opinions from different groups in the organization. New alliances will be formed between those who support the changes and those resistant to them. This will call for new bargaining and negotiations that may affect the morale and production. Union within the organization will seek assurances that the changes will not lead to layoffs and changes in benefits. Management assurance of availability of expanded market due changes may motivate the unions to negotiate. In their bargaining management must educate employees the benefit of being proactive in a changing economic environment. The younger groups of employees who are more technologically advanced and curious may immediately embrace the changes. On the other hand older employees with more experience and dedication to the organization may feel threatened. This can strain relations between the groups. Careful planning will need to be implemented to ensure both groups embrace the change within workable differences. Managers will spend more time communicating changes and answering questions. This is important to prevent grapevine and rumors that may undermine the changes. Managers will be called upon to hold meetings with different groups to discuss progress and updates. Symbolic Frame Resolving the changes in the symbolic frame include finding a way to bring employees together using stories, symbols, rituals or finding hero’s that unite the group. The group is looking for hope, a role model, a history that shows they will get through this change. Simple actions can unite. Things such as sharing stories, talking to the group or individuals about positive attributes of the companies history, being positive yourself, recognizing the fears and concerns and reassuring, celebrating the things you can to bring the group together. A good visual that unites by telling a story without actually even being present is to put up bulletin boards, photos, birthday or anniversary lists†¦the pictures from last years Christmas party or picnic will bring the group together and offer support and reassurance for the coming year. It’s all about being able to inspire and create a vision. The symbolic frame relates to the human needs theory but goes even beyond that by asserting that organizations are populated by people who strive for self-actualization through cooperative efforts. Forecast of the Future Impact of the Recommended Changes Structural Frame *Waiting for Joe to provide his information. Human Resource Frame (Topics discussing) * Employees may need to be dismissed if their role becomes redundant after the change occurs. * Attitudes may change in the workplace; this could cause a negative/positive work environment; low employee morale * Decrease of productivity; costing the company money. * Relationships grow stronger or weaken between management and the employees. * Loss of talented employees Political Frame (Topics discussing) * New groups and alliances will emerge and some groups may be formed or eliminated * Union and management will have to compromise and failure to agree may result to strained relations or strikes * There will be intensive negotiations, bargaining and jockeying within the first one year until a balance is reached among different groups * There could emerge strained relationships between some technologically challenged and technologically savvy workers Symbolic Frame Changing from the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metric system will impact everyone at our company. The symbolic frame leads us to find a unifying them that will bond everyone together, a common ground to rally around. For this change in our company, we are going to go back to the beginning, what brought everyone to this company and the longevity of the company. * Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobs Each employee has their own concerns and worries about this change. Am I too old to learn this is one concern along with what was wrong with the â€Å"old†Ã‚  way of doing things† This is where the symbolic leader must assure employees that there will be a learning curve for sure but everyone will be worked with to help them understand the new changes. * Can I learn the new ways-what if I can’t? It will not be an overnight change and everyone will learn at their own pace. The organization is committed to the employees and their jobs are not on the line. * The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or hero’s that can bring the listeners together The symbolic leader will focus on the companies founder and how the company was able to make it to this point. All the years of commitment from the employees rallying around the company. The company will not turn their backs on the employees over this change but this will just be another challenge for us to all ALL overcome. And we will. * The symbolic leader may fail at finding and incorporating humor and play at work to ease tensions during the times of change This is where the symbolic leader must find that unifying symbol. The founder of this company and his vision. The company was founded by the great-grandfather of the current CEO, back in the days when Henry Taylor and Scientific Management was all the rage. Today the company needs to keep up with the global economy and this is one way of assuring we are staying current and up-to-date. This will unify us with the world and allow us to go forward with our vision. Focus on the grandfather, father etc. – a family owned company and each employee is part of that family. * The organization’s culture is not well aligned with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and customs lose meaning In this case with changing to the metric system, most employees will only fear the change as far as learning it and how it will affect their job. As long as the symbolic leader keeps this change in perspective as one small piece of the changes that have occurred over the history of the company, he will put this change into perspective for them. The symbols and customs will have meaning using the family company angle and how they are part of that family. Conclusion *Completed by Andrew once paper has been fully written. References. Bolman, L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2008). Reframing organizations artistry, choice, and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Critical leadership skill: Multi-frame thinking. (2004, November). Wildfire Magazine, Retrieved from http://www.guidancegroup.org/k2news/Uploads/WTL-11-2004.pdf DeGrosky, M. Wildfire. (2011). What Does This Viewpoint Suggest? Retrieved on December 3 2011 from: http://wildfiremag.com/command/viewpoint_suggest/ de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change: A new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 Henderson, KJ. chron.com. (2011). Strategies on Reframing Change in Your Organization. Retrieved on November 3, 2011 from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies- reframing-change-organization-3113.html. Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Sigler, K. J. (1999). Challenges of employee retention. Management Research Review, 22(10), 1-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635. Stadtlander, C.T.K.-H. (2007). Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership Book Review. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 12(1). Retrieved from: http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol12_no1_pages_48-49.pdf http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/orgl/orgl500/Module2/Mod2pg26.htm Tan, N. (2005). Maximising Human Resource Potential in the Midst of Organizational Change. Singapore Management Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635